Is the Shroud of Turin Authentic? Essay -- Religion, Jesus, Resurrecti

The Shroud of Turin is probably one of the most unusual, profound, studied artifacts in the world. The Shroud is a linen cloth that contains the image of what appears to be a crucified man. M whatever people have speculated that it is the burial cloth of Jesus, while others speculate that it is an artistic painting. Over the years many test and studies have been conducted to prove at one time and for all if the Shroud of Turin is authentic or fake. Lets look at different perspectives and outcomes of the testing and you decide for yourself what you think to be true.One psychoanalyse believes that the Shroud could be evidence of the resurrection of Jesus. It is believed that the linen cloth contains areas that coincide with the wounds Jesus is said to have incurred according to the Bible during his crucifixion. The patterns have a distinctive proportion to where each cut, bruise, and punishment inflicted upon Jesus would have left on his body. (Thomsen, Science News) Some scientists are even saying that the image on the cloth is from a scorch or possible burn of some kind. However, they seem to think it is from a form of projection, because no contact was actually made to the cloth. (Thomsen, Science News) How crapper that even be possible? Scientist cant explain that reasoning, so if it cant be explained does that mean it didnt happen? To those who feel everything ineluctably proof or reasoning, yes, but to those who trust in faith and certain religious belief, anything is possible.The earliest documentation we have tells us that the mystery began in 1389. A Bishop by the name of Pierre d Areis wrote a letter to the pope of that era accusing a knight by the name of Geoffray II of placing a cloth in the church claiming it to be the original cloth us... ...hentic or not. I dont believe that its a painting of any kind, but Im still not persuade that it was the burial cloth of Christ. I do believe there was a resurrection and that Jesus suffered at the hand s of those who set out to crucify him. I believe he was tortured, beaten, scourged, nailed, and speared through the side. However, even with my belief Im not truly convinced that theres enough factual evidence to say that the Shroud was that used to wrap Jesus. Im no scientist by any sum of the word. There is a lot of evidence that proves it could be authentic, but theres not enough to prove without a shadow of doubt in my own eyes that is the case. To be completely honest we may never know if the Shroud of Turin is authentic, but weve made it this far without knowing. Does it really make a difference one way or the other to know? To me the answer is no.

The :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Gemini Disorder What We Know and Are Still Discovering About Bipolar DisorderYou must understand something nigh Andrew... hes a Gemini. This was a simple phrase I heard very often in the company of my dear friend and his clever well-intentioned mother. It was spy a short time later that the aforementioned statement was justification for the earliest symptoms of Bipolar disorder (or manic depressive illness.) As Andrew and I matured into our twenties, it seemed that he was going to need to understand a bit more(prenominal) than his astrological sign to gain control of his life and his mental and emotional well-being. Thus, we sought this teaching out together. It is important to consider the magnitude of people who are affected by this disease and the multitude of forms it can take. Bipolar disorder affects approximately 2.3 one million million million American adults, or about 1.2 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and over in a given year. (1) Of this population, approxi mately 75 percent get at least one close relative with manic-depression or severe depression. (5) Men and women are equally likely to develop bipolar disorder. Children and adolescents may generate signs or have symptoms of bipolar disorder, yet a persons first manic episode usually strikes in their early 20s. Bipolar disorder is also more common among those who have family members, specifically first-degree relatives, with this disorder than with those who do not. (6) Unfortunately, many people suffer for years before properly diagnosed and treated or the illness may be never recognized at all. (4) Generally, bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swingsfrom overly high and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, and then seat again, often with periods of stable moods in between. Severe changes in energy and behavior follow these mood swings. (4) However, this description of bipolar disorder does not delve into the specifics of the disease which often branch into separate diagnosis an d needs for treatment. Bipolar 1 Disorder is the more classic form of this illness, easy to recognize due to its phrenetic and often psychotic episodes of mania. During these episodes, people may experience hallucinations (hearing, seeing or sensing a presence that isnt actually there,) or delusions of grandeur (such as believe they are the President, invincible, all-powerful, or extremely wealthy.) During depressive episodes, the person may experience feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, pessimisms toward the future, and thoughts of death and suicide or even suicide attempts.

The Scarlet Letter: Symbolism In The Forest :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter Symbolism in the Forest     "The path strangled onward into the mystery of the primeval woods"(179).This sentence displays just one of the multiple personalities that the timbersymbolizes in The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorn. As seen in theepic story sorcerous of OZ, the forest represents a place of evil and delight, butin the Scarlet Letter the forest symbolizes much more then that. Each characterbrings step up a different side of the forest, however the forest also brings out adifferent side in each character. For virtually the forest may be a place ofsinister thoughts and wrong doing, but for others it is a place of happiness andfreedom.     The first encounter with the forest we have symbolizes just some of theevil that lingers within the darkness of the forest. As Hester and Pearl areleaving governor Bellinghams estate they are confronted by mistress Hibbins whoexplains that the witches are meeting in the forest, and she then invites Hesterto become more deeply involved with her evil ways. "Wilt thou go with ustonight"(113) asked mistress Hibbins, yet Hester refused to sign her call in theblack mans book on that night. She explains that the only reason she does notsign is because Pearl is still in her life. At this time the forest itself is aopen door to another world, a wicked world that would take her away from herpresent situation, but that is not the only door that the forest holds.     The forest is an open door to love and freedom for both Hester andDimmesdale. It is a place where the letter on their bodies can no longer havean effect on them if they choose. A world ruled by nature and governed bynatural law as opposed to the artificial strict community with its man dopuritan laws. Its as if the forest represents a key to the shackles the Hesterand Dimmesdale have been forced to wear, all that they have to do is unlock it.Although if they choose not to unlock them, they set out to dwell on the thingsthat they have done to deserve the shackles. In this the forest represents athing of truth, weather it be good or bad.     In pearls eye the forest has a totally different concept. To Pearl theforest is like a best friend. It treats her as if she were one of its own. Theanimals do not runaway at her ever move, instead they come to her with open arms.The light is chasing her no matter where she goes.

The Dangers of Teen Sleep Deprivation: Benefits of Adopting Later Star

Bueller?Bueller? The monotone history t from each oneer appearing in the popular 1980s film Ferris Buellers Day Off, proceeds to targetting even role-call in his morning history class a positively lethargic group of students, comically struggling to stay waken. As the teacher monotonously pronounces each name on the attendance list, one student gives a deadpan st are, mouth slightly agape and eyes drooping, while another student stackt beat the fatigue and sleeps with his head on his desk as a trickle of drool escapes his mouth. While this comic scene takes place on a Hollywood set, it is not far removed from many classroom situations across the country as Aarthi Belani, a high school student from Minnesota, notes about the 720 a.m. chemistry class she took her junior year. It was an ungodly hour to be studying chemistry, she recalls with a shiver In the first period, 75 percent of the kids would receive their heads down on their desk at one time or another (Bettelheim 4). Students in high schools from Maine to California find it equally grueling to stay awake during their morning classes since more and more schools choose to open their doors at the crack of dawn, many around 730 a.m. and some as early as 705 a.m. Dr. James B. Maas, a sleep expert and psychology professor at Cornell University, found that on average, 20 percent of high school students are so fatigued that they sleep at some point during the school day each week (Crombie 2). Thats a lot of beat kids in this country, a fact which has countless sleep experts, lawmakers, parents and teachers alarmed by the groggy state of Americas youth. High schools in this country simply graduation too early. Teenagers are being forced to ignore their bodies natural sleep/wake patterns in... ...000928.htmlKunzelman, Michael. Drive under way to start school later for students. The day-after-day News Transcript. 21 Oct. 2013. 13 Nov. 2013.http//www.dailynewstranscript.comMoore, Ann. Sleep Deprivation Common Among Teens. talk about sleep. 12 Oct. 2013. 12 Nov. 2013.http//www.talkaboutsleep.com/sleepdisorders/childrensdisorders_teens-sleep-deprivationRuechel, Al. Early Start Time Stinks. Glenn Beck.com 30 whitethorn 2013. 13 Nov. 2013. http//www.glennbeck.com/al/05-03-02-al.shtmlSleep experts to teens Please, get your zzzs. CNN.com 29 Sep. 2000. 13 Nov. 2013. http//www.cnn.com/2013/HEALTH/children/09/28/sleepy.teens.01/Study Many high school students dont get enough sleep performance suffers. Health & Medicine Week 19 May 2013 58. Academic Universe Document. Lexis-Nexis. 13 Nov. 2013http//web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document

Free Essays - An Analysis of Catch 22 :: Catch-22

An Analysis of Catch 22 Catch 22, by Joseph Heller, is a critique of the hostel that we live in. Whoever is proud of what we have advanced to, and is unwilling to look at it in a negative light, would find this book very subversive. It threatens and criticizes the way of animate of most who pride themselves in living a modern life history. Heller shows through the ridiculousness of war how misguided much of modern society has become, in spite of all our so called civilized advancement. Some will find this interesting, thought provoking and enjoy this book. Others will take it as a draw threat and insult to all the work they have done. From the very beginning, Heller shows some of the most popular ideas and values of the day in a negative, call into question light. In particular, he shows the negative consequences of conformity and highlights individuality as a way to survive. He wants us to recognize how one is controlled and stifled by society. The stellar(a) ch aracter in this novel, addressing what has gone wrong with society, is Yossarian. He is the only one who recognizes the full craziness of what everyone is living for wealth, false happiness, societys approval, etc. He is one of the few who tries to fight the power and elitism that have become so sought after in America. Throughout the novel, he tries to find a way to live a fuller life as a real human individual. He looks to many of the other characters in the book for help but only finds inadequate answers. Each of the characters in Yossarians life at the base shows the reader one more example of how bad society has become. Clavinger tries to live life by reasoning. He looks for a reason in everything. In constantly looking for a reason why, he never enjoys life to it fullest. As further proof that this life leads nowhere, he is shot down and killed, certainly not an event with a rational explanation. Major Major is the person who obeys everyone, always trying to be perfect. He does everything that anyone asks of him, but takes it to an extreme. By being so naively obedient, instead of being helped by his comrades, he is shunned.

Free Essays - An Analysis of Catch 22 :: Catch-22

An Analysis of Catch 22 Catch 22, by Joseph Heller, is a critique of the society that we live in. Whoever is proud of what we have advanced to, and is unwilling to look at it in a negative light, would find this book very subversive. It threatens and criticizes the authority of living of most who pride themselves in living a modern font action. Heller shows through the ridiculousness of war how misguided much of modern society has become, in spite of all our so called civilized advancement. Some will find this interesting, thought provoking and enjoy this book. Others will take it as a direct threat and insult to all the work they have done. From the very beginning, Heller shows some of the most popular ideas and values of the day in a negative, questioning light. In particular, he shows the negative consequences of conformity and highlights individuality as a way to survive. He wants us to recognize how one is controlled and smother by society. The leading charact er in this novel, addressing what has gone wrong with society, is Yossarian. He is the only one who recognizes the full craziness of what everyone is living for wealth, false happiness, societys approval, etc. He is one of the few who tries to fight the power and elitism that have become so sought after in America. Throughout the novel, he tries to find a way to live a fuller life as a real human individual. He looks to many of the other characters in the book for help provided only finds unsatisfactory answers. Each of the characters in Yossarians life at the base shows the reader one more example of how bad society has become. Clavinger tries to live life by reasoning. He looks for a reason in everything. In constantly looking for a reason why, he never enjoys life to it fullest. As come along proof that this life leads nowhere, he is shot down and killed, certainly not an event with a rational explanation. Major Major is the person who obeys everyone, always difficult to be perfect. He does everything that anyone asks of him, but takes it to an extreme. By being so naively obedient, instead of being helped by his comrades, he is shunned.

A fence should not be built on the U.S. – Mexican Border

The U.S. should build a wall between itself and Mexico, topped with razor wire. This is most toughening in-migration laws and the strict enforcement of laws already widely discussed.The create is a two thousand-mile-long fence would cost about 680 (m) million dollars, and it would slow border crossings. It is for the idea of candidates running for president to have clear and aggressive plans for traffic with immigration.It also gives the idea of doing something that might actually work to stop illegal aliens from flooding into the United States is actually drawing great interest. It wont go away. Illegal immigration is not just impacting the Border States. Illegal aliens are showing up everywhere. Constitutionally it is a Federal responsibility to protect the 50 states from invasion and as a practical matter it is impacting all of us.BackgroundFor those people who do not live in the U.S. of America or have not heard about it, U.S.A. government has decided to construct a wall along the border of Mexico to attempt to keep out illegal and MS13 grade members. The MS13 is a dangerous clan that specializes in smuggling drugs and people across borders and has made their way from Columbia to Northern Mexico and intend to shrink into The U.S. of America.Also, there have been reports of the AL Qaida attempting to get the MS13 to export THEMSELVES into the U.S. of A. so they can continue their reign of terror. The Mexican government feels that it is unnecessary that there is building a wall and have started comparing President provide to Hitler because of the Berlin wall.Personally think that the wall should be built to protect American from the MS13 and to control the amount of illegally migrating to the U.S. of America (All to Protect the Innocent.Tue January 24 2006 2002. http//forums.ubi.com).Immigrant or a refugee rights groups across the country are pre directly moving in the direction of putting immigration in the context of a spherical economy, globalizat ion, and people on the move escaping poverty, hunger, civil war, and persecution. NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement) kicked off that trend.When it was testified at the NAFTA hearings that Mexican and Aliens complained of why they werent including immigration in the context of a financial expel trade agreement. Why were they focusing on the free movement of merchandise but not on the free movement of people? Basically its a labor issue.California has always been impacted tremendously by immigration, not just by people from Mexico. Its now estimated even by the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) that there are at least five million immigrants in the U.S. who are undocumented. California usually comes in with at least half of those immigrants, not only because of its juxtaposition to Baja California, but also its a place where people can blend into cities like L.A. and San Francisco. Theres about clubhouse million in these cities and about a third are immigrant s and refugees.It is important that it begins addressing immigration within the context of a global economy. Globalization affects the United States because investments in other countries have impacts such as people leaving that country, the displacement of jobs, jobs moving in and out of a country.Primarily focuses on merciful rights and nowhere is human rights more impacted than on the U.S.-Mexico border. These have really been a hateful time for Americans especially with the shooting incident by the armed forces.Right after that, other military operations were exposed, including here inCalifornia where National Guard troops have been out in camouflage, hiding in the brush on the pretext of looking for drugs and immigrants. In addition, there has been introduced legislation in the House to send 10,000 military troops in to California.This is in addition to 5,000 Border Patrol agents approved by Congress. Thats discharge to interrupt a lot of movement. It could eventually interf ere with free trade because how long will Mexico put up with this confrontation by the military on the border.Going back to history, the U.S. contracted with Mexicans to come to work here in the 30s and 40s and 50s. Then the xenophobia started, the scapegoat, and you had massive raids and deportations of hundreds of thousands of Mexicans. U.S. citizens and legal residents as well as undocumented were all sent to Mexico in the 30s and 40s and 50s.During 50s, operation wetback, and even though Im a fifth generation U.S. citizen, right on these streets around here I used to be stop on the way home from school, or visiting my girlfriend, or going downtown. The police used to smack me up against the wall and call the Border Patrol. They get used to do in at least every other week. They used to take out of jobs, after school jobs, in restaurants, hotels by among Mexicans

Disease Caused by Environmental Exposure Essay

Environmental DiseasesIn epidemiology, environmental disease is disease caused by environmental ciphers that ar non transmitted genetically or by infection. Apart from the true monogenic genetic disorders, environmental diseases may determine the development of disease in those genetically predisposed to a particular condition. Stress, physical and mental abuse, diet, exposure to toxins, pathogens, radiation, and chemicals found in almost all personal c be products and household cleaners ar possible causes of a large segment of non-hereditary disease. If a disease process is concluded to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factor influences, its etiological origin can be referred to as having a multifactorial pattern.There are many different types of environmental disease including * Lifestyle disease much(prenominal) as cardiovascular disease, diseases caused by substance abuse such as alcoholism, and smoking-related disease * Disease caused by physical factors in the environment, such as skin crabmeat caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight * Disease caused by exposure to chemicals in the environment such as toxic metals * These diseases can also be mutated and can thrive in the unnatural environment through rubbish that isnt discarded and no sewerage systems. These factors can hurt a nation or an individual quite easily.-Categories of environmental disease* First, there are those caused by the ancient metals channelise and mercury. * Then there are those caused by the other metals arsenic, phosphorus, andzinc. * The newer metals can also cause environmental disease beryllium, cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, cobalt, osmium, platinum, selenium, tellurium, thallium, uranium, and vanadium. * Additionally, there are environmental diseases caused by the redolent(p) blow compounds including benzene, hexachlorocyclohexane, toluene diisocyanate, phenol, pentachlorophenol,quinone and hydroquinone. Also included are the aromatic nitro-, amino-, and pyridilium-deratives nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, trinitrotoluene, paramethylaminophenol sulfate (Metol), dinitro-ortho-cresol, aniline,trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl), hexanitrodiphenylamine (aurantia), phenylenediaminedisambiguation needed, and parquet. The aliphatic carbon compounds can also cause environmental disease.Included in these are methanol, nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, dimethylnitrosamine, and the halogenated hydrocarbons methyl, methyl bromide, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and the chlorinated naphthalene. Also included are glycols ethylene chlorohydrins and diethylene dioxide as well as carbon, acrylonitrile, acryl amide, and vinyl chloride. * Other important chemical causes of environmental diseases are the noxious gases which can be categorized as Simple asphyxiates, chemical asphyxiates, and irritant gases. The simple asphixiants are nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. The chemical asphyxiates are carbon monoxide, sulfuretted hydrogen and hydrogen cyanide. The irritant gases are sulfur dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, phosgene, and fluorine and its compounds, which include luroine and hydrofluoric acid, fluorspar, fluorapatite, cryolite, and organic fluorine compounds.While many pathogenic diseases are caused by human-to-human transmission, others are caused by microorganisms that exist in the outside environment. Scientists from a variety of fields, including medicine and the environment, must work together to address the challenges posed by these environmental pathogens, according to a new report, From Outside to Inside Environmental Microorganisms as Human Pathogens, released today by the American Academy of Microbiology. The key passing between environmental pathogens and other human pathogens is their ability to survive and thrive outside the host. Their widespread occurrence in the environment makes them difficult to monitor and control, says Gerard C angelosi of theSeattle biomedical Research Institute at the University of Washington, one of the authors of the report. The fields of medical and environmental microbiology need to be better integrated to stimulate the type of work that is unavoidable to combat environmental pathogens effectively, and the development and improvement of surveillance and reporting strategies should be a top priority.Environmental pathogens are defined as microorganisms that normally drop a substantial part of their lifecycle outside human hosts, but when introduced to humans cause disease with measurable frequency. They are carried in the water, soil, air, food and other separate of the environment and can affect almost every individual on the planet. Some examples of environmental pathogens include Legionella pneumophila (the cause of Legionnaires disease, often found in air conditioning systems), West Nile virus, and Cryptosporidium parvum (a parasite that can be found in food, drinking water and recreational waters). In addition to better consolidation of medical and environmental research, the report recommends more effective monitoring of pathogens in the environment to allow researchers to better understand the incidence and persistence of pathogens in areas that are considered to be at risk for harboring these organisms.Multidisciplinary research must also be fostered to better predict how changes in the environment may affect the frequency of environmental diseases. These threats to human health can only be assessed in a comprehensive multidisciplinary context in which ecology, epidemiology, and emerging areas in environmental engineering and microbiology are integrated. This combined approach can yield immediate and long-term health benefits by mitigating established environmental risks, identifying risky situations for disease emerging and finding the causes of diseases of apart(p) etiology, says Cangelosi.The report is the result of a colloquium convened by the Ac ademy in February 2004 to discuss environmental pathogens and the current state of research on these organisms. Scientists with expertise in infectious diseases, food microbiology, bacteriology, molecular, microbial ecology, pathogenic mycology and other areas in the microbiological sciences participated. Participants considered the knowledge gaps related to the incidence and epidemiology of environmental infectious diseases, dynamics of human pathogens in the environment, ways to palliate environmental infectious diseases, research needs in the field and education and communication issues.-Causes of Environmental diseasesEnvironmental diseases are caused by chemical agents, radiation, and physical hazards. The effect of exposure, in both natural and work settings, are greatly influenced by the exposure routes primarily air pollution and water pollution, contaminated food, and direct accomplish with toxins.Synergistic affectstwo or more toxic exposures acting togetherare also imp ortant, as illustrated by the greatly increased risk of lung cancer in asbestos workers who smoke cigarettes. The potential interaction of multiple hazardous chemicals at toxic waste dumps poses a current public health worry that is of unknown dimensions.Industrial society has introduced or increased human exposure to thousands of chemicals in the environment. Examples are inorganic materials such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and asbestos, and organic substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), vinyl chloride, and the pesticide DDT.Of particular concern is the delayed potential for these chemicals to produce cancer, as in the cases of lung cancer and mesothelioma caused by asbestos, liver cancer caused by vinyl chloride, and leukemia caused by benzene. Minamata disease, caused by food contaminated with mercury, and Yusho disease, from food contaminated with chlorinated furans, are examples of acute toxic illnesses occurring in nonoccupational settings.The full toxic potential of most environmental chemicals has non been completely tested. The extent and frequency of an illness are related to the dose of toxin, in degrees depending on the toxin. For chronic or delayed effects such as cancer or adverse reproductive effects, no safe dose threshold may exist below which disease is not produced.

CONFLICT IN NIGERIA

Muslims may be a ma-Sorority, but if so they are barely that. Islam has functioned in cultural and pop-Leticia terms to create unity in northern Nigeria. Indeed, as Nigeria moved too 12-state system in 1967 from one of four regions and wherefore to a federal republic with 19 states in 1976, it became nieces-Sara to stress Islamic unity in the 10 northern states where two-thirds of the population was Muslim.In coiffe to maintain the control of the north in national politics, Islam had to provide the glue that had disappeared tit the demise of the old Native Administrate-Zion, the regional reassurance, and the party that had ruled the north in the get-go Republic-the Northern Peoples Congress. 22 When the military left power in 1979, the NP tried to appeal beyond the north. Under institutional provisions, in orders o Electra president,it had o win at least a quarter of the votes in two-thirds of the states. AT he NP could not campaign as a Muslim party and it had cost the adminis trative did hath ad supported the old ruling Northern Pee-apples Congress. But it retained the sup-port of Islamic elites in the north and it also had the support of some high-ranking officers, some but not all of 21 . Ibid. , p. 23. 22. Dudley, Introduction to Nigerian Govern-meet and Politics, p. 163. 23. In fact, She Shari did not win quite 25 percentage of the vote in 12 states but in a series of contested court actions he was declared president in the 1979 elections by sexual morality of having won 20 percent of the vote in the twelfth state. Homo were Muslims. 24TH he NP was seen as a Muslim party in the north. With the chairman of the NP coming from the west, the president of the republic from the north, the vice press-dent from the east-an alignment us-attained in the second election of 1983- Naps ointment zone arty traders would have been beneath pressure if the civilian regime had continued and the posts had to be rotated by place of origin in 1988.At the same time, as it became nieces-Sara to stress Islam in order to maintain northern unity that was under pressure from the creation of more states, Islam itself often worked to intensify fissures opened up by social and economic changes. Appeals for social Justice were made in Islamic terms. Thus, as reform and purifications pavements engrossedioned to proliferate, slam s a devotions ND a set of cultural symbols was not solely a force for unity in the northern states. It was interpreted variably by different social groups.Elites tried to maintain theirs eminence y manipulating do-erne and handed-down institutions in the name of Islam while businessmen lilt mosques and workers made demands through Islamic terminology. At the same time, Muhammad Maria AP-pealed to fringe groups to follow him to an Islamic revival. moody Rutherford, the 24. The Briar regime, which came in at the end of 1983, actually as had the most Muslims among its leadership of all the five military regimes since 1966-the oth er four being Ironys, Gowns, Mohammedan, Bassoons. shackles and Gown were Christians, as was Bassoon.I have focused much more on the impacts f Islam Han of Christianity n policy-making legitimacy and the role of the state in Nigeria because Islam has been, in the north, an unofficial state religion. Moreover, the struggle to define the r legerityship of religion to the state has been a struggle around the role of Islamic WI n Nigeria. Thee verve napping- elation of religious symbols both to Jus-tiff the rule of elites and to challenge that rule as been a manipulation of Islamic values and symbols more than Christian ones.There is reason to believe, however, that some Christian sects provide for their followers a measure of autonomy from established authority, both reel-Sioux and secular. The development of test Christianity-the praying churches such as the Christ Apostolic Church and the Cherubim and Sera-pimp in Hardbound-seems to go hand in glove with the development of values and attitudes of industriousness and business. That is, the adherents of the Ladder hurdles o not appear s CEO- omicron addicts,a Thought ahem ay insist on a measure of political independence from established authorities. AS o far, though, the impact of Christianity in Nigeria has been less directly cones-sequential for the struggle for political legitimacy and control of authoritative roles at central and state levels than has been the impact of Islam. Nigeria has not evolved political formulas hate explicitly Lori elision r religious theorists defined astigmatic. But there have been struggles carried out in religious terms over constitute-cantonal champions r adjudicating n-flick. Religion as been an element in the conflicts twenty ethnic-language pups.And religion provides a language, a set of values,a NDIS institutions rough which groups struggle and over which groups contend, both within and between reel-Sioux communities. 26. For a major study of the adoption of Ala-durra Chr istianity, see J. D. Y. Peel, LadderA Religious Movement among the Your (Loon-don Oxford university Reese, 1968). P eel is con-current o explain he fundamental characters f a religion f industrialization the Yearbook intent as a new morality of obeying rules. Ibid. , p. 299. 60 This content

Good Will Hunting Movie Analysis

Good go away Hunting Movie Analysis The movie Good give Hunting is about go forth Hunting, a janitor with an Irish background and a pure gift for math. He is the janitor at the notorious college MIT and often cleans near a prominent math/chemistry professors chassisroom. This professor assigns his class a task that would involve solving a very difficult math business and the reward would be an automatic A in the class and the ability to work with the professor on research. Will, having an excellent background of knowledge, views the problem one day while cleaning in the evening.With no surprise for himself, he completes the problem and leaves it on the board. The professor sees the problem finished the next day. He does not know who had completed it, so he asks the members of his class who completed it. None of them answer, so he is forced to post another problem because nobody claimed the first. Will once more finished the problem and once again the professor is puzzled as to w ho had completed the problem a second time. The professor posts a third problem, but this time has his assistant closely admonisher the board to see who completes it.The professor catches Will posting the answer and stops him because he thinks Will is vandalizing on the board. To the professors amazement, Will is completing the problem and tells him to continue. Will completes it and walks away before the professor can find out who he is. The professor goes and finds out his name from other janitors and find out Will just got arrested for battery and assault and is being held on bail. With his MIT power and persuasion the professor sterilises Will on probation instead of jail time to work with and wait on use his knowledge for good.Will initially does not say barely a single word in the probation time with the professor. The professor tells him that he could be jailed if he wants to, but Will knows he doesnt want to go back to that. After a few sessions, Will begins to open up to the professor. After opening up to the professor for the first time, the professor soon understands Wills situation. He is very poor, he does not have a stable financial situation on his home, and he has no other family than his brothers.Will refuses to use his knowledge as a positive thing, and the professor has to propel him to his college roommate, Sean (played by Robin Williams) who specializes in psychological practices of Wills sort. He gets Will to realize that happiness can only come from inside and that if he wants to be happy he has to use his abilities and have fun with them. Will begins working with the professor on some not so basic problems and they get along quite nicely. Within the movie are some aspects of psychology that stand out and some that dont.One that stands out is the wanting from others for Will to succeed. Although Will may not see his potential in his future, almost every other character in the movie does. His best friend Chuckie, says Youre sit down on a winning lottery ticket. It would be an insult to us if youre still around here in 20 years. It seems everybody wants him to succeed but him. Will also falls in love with Skylar, which completely alters his perspective on life. He goes from not believing in anything but alcohol and bars, to believing in love and a future.

Public Administration Essay

DEFINING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONWhen nation comm quit virtually government, they think of elected officials. The attentive kindity knows these officials who live in the spotlight but non the macrocosm administrators who constitute governing possible it superior generally gives them little fantasy un little it is to criticize government bureaucrats. Yet we be in contact with popular formation al or so from the moment of birth, when registration havements be met, and our earthly remains cannot be disposed of without final administrative certification. Our experiences with usual administrators ease up be issue forth so extensive that our society may be labeled the administe red ink society. Various institutions ar conglomerate in exoteric governing.Much of the form _or_ system of government-making activities of public brass section is done by large, specialized governmental agencies (micro-administration). or so of them be mostly involved with policy formulation, for example, the Parliament or Congress. still to implement their determinations public administration in addition requires numerous profit and nonprofit agencies, banks and hospitals, district and city governments (macro-administration). Thus, public administration may be define as a complex semipolitical handle involving the authoritative implementation of legitimated policy choices. worldly concern administration is not as showy as other kinds of politics. Much of its model is quiet, small scale, and specialized.Part of the administrative process is even kept secret. The anonymity of much public administration raises fears that government policies argon make by battalion who argon not accountable to citizens. Many fear that these so-called faceless bureaucrats subvert the intensions of elected officials. Others mark off administrators as mere cogs in the machinery of government. But whether in the negative or positive sense, public administration is policy making. And w hether close to the centers of power or at the street level in local agencies, public administrators ar policy makers. They are the translators and tailors of government. If the elected officials are visible to the public, public administrators are the anonymous specialists. But without their knowledge, diligence, and creativity, government would be ineffective and inefficient.HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONLarge-scale administrative organization has existed from early clock. The ancient empires of Egypt, Persia, Greece, Rome, China, and later on the Holy Roman empire as well as recent colonial empires of Britain, Spain, Russia, Portugal, and France they all organized and maintained political rule over wide areas and large populations by the subroutine of quite a sophisticated administrative apparatus and much or less expert administrative functionaries. The somebodyal nature of that rule was very great. Everything depended on the emperor. The emperor in turn ha d to rely on the personal loyalty of his subordinates, who maintained themselves by the personal support from their underlings, down to rank-and file personnel on the fringes of the empire. The emperor carried an enormous spurt load reading or listening to petitions, policy arguments, judicial claims, appeals for favors, and the like in an attempt to keep the vast purple machine functioning.It was a formation of favoritism and patronage. In a system based on personal preferment, a change of emperor disrupted the correct arrangements of government. Those who had been in favor might now be out of favor. Weak rulers followed strong rulers, foolish monarchs succeeded wise monarchs but all were dependent on the army, which supplied the doggedness that enabled the empire to endure so long. In the absence of institutional, bureaucratic procedures, government moved from stability to high-priced anarchy and back again. Modern administrative system is based on objective norms (such as laws, rules and regulations) rather than on favoritism It is a system of offices rather than officers.Loyalty is owed first of all to the state and the administrative organization. Members of the bureaucracy, or large, ceremonious, complex organizations that appeared in the recent times, are chosen for their qualification rather than for their personal connections with powerful persons. When vacancies occur by death, resignation, or for other reasons, saucily qualified persons are selected according to clearly be rules. bureaucratism does not die when its members die.BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONIn the studies of the 1880s and later scholars have collected an impressive body of data how best to carry out and manage routine operations to gain productivity in industry. Principles of scientific commercial enterprise direction were worked out and people were trained to follow them. Later successful business was seen as the model for the proper management of governme nt, and the field of public administration was seen as a field of business, because management of all organizations in both the fields involves planning the activities and establishing goals organizing work activities staffing and training directing or end-making coordinate to assure that the several(a) work activities come together report-ing the status of work and problems to both supervisors and subordinates and budgeting to assure that work activities correspond to fiscal planning, accounting, and control. Some scholars argued that administration is a more(prenominal) general term and a more generic process than management. Administration takes place at factories, schools, hospitals, prisons, insurance companies, or welfare agencies, whether these organizations were private or public. Accordingly they started speaking about business and public administration.There is an obvious disaccordence between administration of business, or private organization, and administration of public organizations. Thus, the pronounce public in public administration is meaningful, and the study of public affairs will have to take into account not notwithstanding management overmatchs jet to both public and private sectors, but also the special environment in which the public servant has to live, an environment constituted of the mix of administration, policy making, and politics. And then, public organizations are more dependent on government allocations, more constrained by law, more exposed to political influences, and more delicate to evaluate than business organizations. These difference of opinions suggest caution in applying business management techniques to government agencies.Public Administration as an Academic DisciplineOriginally the discipline of public administration was not strong on theory. Early public administration was marked by a concern for applying theprinciples of business management to a higher level of business public affairs. The order of c ase study was borrowed from business schools and applied to public administration. It was a prescriptive method and it told the student what he ought to do and what he should not do in specific situations of managing of public agencies. But by and by public administration developed a theory and a method of investigation of its own. In the 1950s it began to borrow heavily from sociology, political accomplishment, psychology, and kind psychology that led to the formation of organization theory that helps to understand the nature of human organizations.Then, the 1950s and 1960s witnessed a dramatic upsurge of handicraftal and academic participation in comparative administration studies. Comparative administration was steeringed on the developing nations and the analysis of transitional societies. Considerable concern was paid to studies of particular areas of the world. There were detailed case-by-case examinations of administrative situations in both the developing countries and the older, naturalised bureaucracies of the industrialized world. They developed elaborate and highly generalized models of development administration and managed to explain many development situations. Another situation that has drawn from the management science traditions is the emergence of public policy analysis as a major branch of public administration studies. Writings on decision-making took into account economic, political, psychological, historical, and even non keen, or irrational processes.The National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) advocates public policy analysis as one of the subject areas that should be included in any comprehensive design in administration. An interesting development in American public administration in the late 1960s is known as the New Public Administration which was a reaction against the value-free positivism that had characterized much of American public administration thought since World War II. It reas serted the importance of prescriptive values, particularly hearty justice. The disclosures of the Watergate scandals have reinforced these positions and stressed a current the importance of integrity, openness, and accountability in the conduct of public affairs.This concern for the needs of human beings in the modern world can be seen in the growth of consumer and environmental protection functions domestically, and pressure for human rights around the world. The politicsof public administration becomes increasingly interesting. Citizens, students, and scholars all round the world have come to understand the enormous impact of public administration on all of us, which is an all strategic(predicate) reason for the conversion of their interest in public administration.SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONThough there are different approaches to the field of public administration, this interdisciplinary subject nowadays has a quite strong theory that tries to take int o account not only management subjects, but also the mix of administration, policy making, and politics. allow us consider some issues of this theory and start with organization theory common to both public and private sectors.The basic aspects of organization theoryThe foothold public and private convey very different connotations to the general public. Public organizations are commonly envision as large mazes that employ bureaucrats to create red tape private organizations, on the other hand, are viewed to be run by hard-nosed managers who worry about profit and consumers. Public organizations are pictured as wasteful private organizations are often presented as efficient. Yet these perceptions of their differences do not withstand careful scrutiny. two types of organizations have much in common.Organization as bureaucracyWhether in business or government organizations, a dominant form of any administration is bureaucracy. Bureaucracies are generally defined as organizations that (1) are large, (2) hierarchical in structure with each employee accountable to the top executive through a chain of command, (3) provide each employee with a clearly defined role and area of responsibility, (4) base their decisions on impersonal rules, and (5) hire and promote employees taking into account their skills and training related to specific jobs. Bureaucracy has promise but it may also create problemsand abuses of power, especially in the absence of effective coordination.Organization as a dynamic changeThen, both public and private organizations have a dilemma the need for both stability and change. All organizations resist change as organizational change is often painful and destructive. Despite the need for new ideas, new approaches, and new types of employees, stability need usually dominates in organizations. And the forces of stability are stronger in public organizations. These institutions are generally insulated from survival concerns by legal mandates. Few of them declare bankruptcy despite serious doubts about their efficiency.Organization as human relations twain organizations, especially public organizations, are crowded with individuals. Individuals bring to organizations a complex mix of needs (both fundamental needs, as food, shelter, health care, and future security which are bought with money earned through work, and our highest spiritual needs to belong to a social group and to contribute to it, the need of self-actualization, esteem and recognition). To attract and keep people and to encourage dependable and innovative cognitive operation, organizations must take into account individual needs and motivation and satisfy them. Organizations should also make a system of various rewards that are powerful incentives for above-average performance.Pay, promotions, recognition, and others rewards are distributed by managerial staff. Social rewards like friendship, conversation, impact, satisfaction received from meaningful work ap pear in the process of work itself. The social rewards of some jobs are more obvious than others. Jobs with greater variety, responsibility, and challenge are inherently more rewarding while routine can catch lack of interest and boredom, and managers should take it into account.Organization as a structure of subgroupsMost work in organizations depends on ensemble rather than solo effort, and is a mix of collaboration and interdependence. There are two basic groups in organizations formal and informal. Formal groups (departments, committees) are identified and selected by organizational leading, and their majorcharacteristics are organizational legitimacy and task orientation. Informal groups (sport groups, common lunch hours, etc.) are not created by management but evolve out of the rich social environment. Though people in these groups get together to share common interests, not to work, their activities in them (supporting friends, trading rumors, and so on) have a profound ef fectuate on work and are as important as formal assignments.Organization as a cultural productOrganizations have not only tangible dimensions such as an office building, an organizational chart, products and services, specific individuals and groups. Organizations are cultural and meaning systems as well as places for work. The concept of culture is difficult to define. But when comparing organizations in different countries, their cultural differences are extremely vivid and important. Despite similar work and procedures, police departments, for example, in India, Germany and Japan differ greatly. Offering a small gift to a policeman may be considered corruption in one nation and a sign of honour in another. Organizations are also meaning systems as they provide meaning to our lives.Feelings and emotions as well as purpose are very important to work life of an organization. The despair of the unemployed goes deeper than financial worries many feel lost, without significance. Both culture and emotions influence structure, effectiveness, and change in organizations. Organizations are not only places of toil they are also sites rich with symbols and bureaucrats and executives act as tribal drawing cards they tell stories, repeat myths, and stage rites and ceremonials. The symbolic and cultural dimensions of organizations are increasingly viewed as essential to understanding individual organizations and their role in society.The environment of public administrationWhen many people think of public administration as an activity, they cast large offices crammed with rows of faceless bureaucrats sitting at desks and producing an endless stream of paperwork. But this view captures only few of the important things that professional urbane servants truly do. Public administration also has many more participants, such as theexecutive, the legislature, the courts, and organized groups, which are involved in the formulation and implementation of public policy.And if a public administrator digestes the attention on only some of them then others may become neglected and that may lead to the jeopardy of the entire program. Summing up what has been said, it is important to underline that the theory of public administration is very diverse, is rapidly developing and depends much on what we know about why humans behave as they do when they interact with each other.PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PERSONNELROLE-TYPES, ROLE CONFLICTS, ROLE OVERLOADSLarge organizations employ many individuals. Charismatic leaders, caring supervisors, innovative program directors, and numerous street-level employees lend individuality to the collective and character to the whole organization. One should also remember that higher moral and ethical standards are expected of public employees than of private employees, and that public managers work indoors very strict limits of legislation, executive orders, and regulations surrounding government. But unique contributions of individua ls do not obscure their general patterns of port, or roles. A role is a predictable set of expectations and behaviors associated with an office or position. Like an actor assigned a part, cabinet secretaries, police officers, and policy analysts mensuration into roles that are already largely defined. A person usually performs several roles and it may become a source of stress and overload. Role overload is more than just too much work, or overwork.Role overload exists when the demands of various roles overwhelm an individuals ability to balance expectations, when the demands of one role make it difficult to fulfill the demands of others. The lawyer who must cancel an appointment to care for a sick child or the professor who neglects his students to fulfill administrative obligations is experiencing a role conflict. Viewing organization as a system of roles helps to identify rights and obligations of each employee. Roles provide the consistency that holds an organization together. An organization that falls apart when individuals allow for has not built an adequate structure of roles. Although public organizations containmany specific roles, five role-types the political executive, desktop administrator, professional, street-level bureaucrat, and policy entrepreneur are the most common.Political executivesPolitical executives (the secretary of a State Department, the city manager, or the county administrator) occupy the top of public organizations. Although their jobs and responsibilities are different, they all perform the functions of a political aide, policy maker, and top administrator. In most cases, political executives are political appointees elected officials give them their jobs. That is why, their position, their tenure, and their influence while in office derive from the confidence of elected officials. The official who wins the election most commonly appoints loyal supporters. They are advisors for selected officials. Elected officials cann ot do everything. They can do little more than point the general direction and scrutinize the final outgrowth. That is why political executives appointed by them are also policy makers.The political executive initiates, shapes, promotes, and oversees policy changes. They may also have responsibility for major decisions. The ultimate authority, however, rests with the elected official. Political executives are also top-level administrators. It is a difficult role. Public executives are legally responsible for implementing policy They must cut through the red tape, resistance of change, intra-organizational conflict to assure that the public is served well.. Those political executives who fail to pip down and get the support and fervor of their operation personnel will effect little change in policy. But if they completely disregard the preferences, knowledge, and experience of their agencies, stalemate ensues. If they uncritically adopt the views of their elected officials or the ir agencies, they may lose influence with elected officials.Desktop administratorsDesktop administrators are career civil servants down the hierarchy a few move from political executives. They are middle managers and closely fit the general description of a bureaucrat. Whether a social worker supervisor or the director of a major government program, the desktop administratorspends days filled with memoranda and meetings. The desktop administrators are torn between the promises and practicality of governing. Desk administrators guide policy intentions into policy actions that actually change, for better or worse, peoples life. If there is, for example, a public and political consensus that the government should assist poor blind people, the definition worked out by a desktop administrator to answer the question who is poor and who is blind, has a dramatic influence to the nature of the program.Desktop administrators differ fundamentally from political executives in that most of them are career civil servants. After a short probation period, most earn job tenure, and usually are not fired. Tenure insulates the civil service from direct political interference in the day-to-day working of government. Job tenure protects civil servants from losing their jobs, but they may be reassigned to less important jobs of equal rank if they lose favor with political executives.ProfessionalsProfessionals make up the third major role-type in public organizations. The original meaning of the term profession was a ceremonial vow made when joining a religious community. This vow followed years of training and some certification that the acquired knowledge and appropriate norms of behavior justified an individuals initiation. Modern professionals receive standard specific training that ends with certification. They also learn values and norms of behavior. Increasingly the work of public organizations depends on professionals and more and more professionals are involved in public a dministration.The work of professionals involves applying their general knowledge to the specific case and requires considerable autonomy and flexibility. An important difference between professional and non-professional work is who evaluates performance. Nonprofessionals are evaluated by their immediate supervisors. Professionals assert their independence from supervisors. Their work is evaluated by peer review of their colleagues and that has flaws fellow professionals are sometimes more willing to overlook the mistakes of colleagues for different reasons.Street-level bureaucratsStreet-level bureaucrats (social workers, police officers, public schoolteachers, public health nurses, job and drug-counselors, etc.) are at the bottom or near the bottom of public organizations. Their authority does not come from rank, since they are at the bottom of hierarchy, but from the discretionary nature of their work. They deal with people and people are complex and unpredictable, they are not th e same and require individual attention. A common complaint about public bureaucrats is that they treat everyone like a add up they skip unique problems and circumstances. But there are only general guidelines how to deal with people (an abusive parent, an arrested, poor, old or sick person), and it is impossible to bring out better guidelines to make everyone happy. Street-level administrator must use judgment to apply rules and laws to unique situations, and judgment requires discretion.Given limited resources, public organizations wish fewer, not more clients, and this is an important difference between public and private organizations, which attract more clients to earn more profit. And dependence of clients on street-level bureaucrats often create conflicts. Street-level bureaucrats work in situations that defy direct supervision. Even when supervisors are nearby, much work with clients is done privately. Most paperwork and computerized information systems attempt to contro l street-level bureaucrats, who in turn become skilled in filling out forms to satisfy supervisors while maintaining their own autonomy. Street-level bureaucrats are also policy-makers. They often decide what policies to implement, their beliefs can affect their work with clients, they may consider the policy to benefit clients and vice versa, and thus they may change the policy while implementing it.Policy entrepreneursThe policy entrepreneur is generally considered to be the charismatic person at the top, though they can exist at all levels of an organization. They are strongly committed to specific programs and are strong managers. They are skilled in gathering support and guiding an idea into reality. The role requires conceptual leadership, strategic planning, and political activism. This role is both necessary and dangerous. They take risks and push limits, which is necessary for a dynamic government, but they also bend rules and sometimes lead policy astray.PERSONNEL ADMINIS TRATION STAFFINGAND TRAINING THE AGENCYAn important task in the management of any enterprise, private or public, is the recruiting, selecting, promoting, and terminating of personnel and employee training.RecruitingOnce jobs have been created, the recruitment starts, i.e. finding people to fill those jobs. Public administration in the United States has come a long way from the time of Andrew Jackson, when, in the popular view, government jobs could be performed by any individuals (or at least any men) with normal intelligence. down the stairs Jackson and his successors, frequent rotation on office was encouraged no particular prior training or experience was necessary for most jobs. be systems were designed for the most part to keep out the grossly incompetent, not to attract the highly qualified.Gradually, the pattern changed. The government began attracting especially competent applicants. Openings were more highly publicized, recruiting visits were made to college and universit y campuses, and wages were made more nearly competitive with those in the private sector. Active efforts were made to attract individuals who, in earlier times, would have been excluded from public employment because of their ethnic or racial backgrounds or because they were women.Examining and selectingOnce applications have been received, the next step in the personnel process is examination. The term examination does not refer only to a pencil-and-paper test. Some judgments are made on the basis of an unassembled examination. That is, the application form itself may require sufficient information to licence the assignment of a score based on reported experience and education and on references. Another possibility, especially important for jobs requiring particular skills, is performance examination. Some jobs call for an oral examination, particularly those for which communication skills are especially important. One examination of special importance is the Professional and Admi nistrative Career Examination ( gradation).PACE is intended to select candidates for federal government careers rather than for particular jobs. The personnel agency (e.g. Civil Service Commission) considers the list with the names of the individuals with the highest examination scores from which it chooses the new employee. Considerable discretion is allowed in making the final choice. Following selection, the new employee is likely to serve a probationary period, often six months, during which removal is relatively easy. Personnel managers encourage supervisors to see this as an extension of the testing procedure, but few employees are, in fact, dismissed during this period.EvaluationThe evaluation of employee performance is a advertize personnel function. Recently, the trend has been to formalize rating schemes and to regularize feedback to employees. Where possible, objective measures of the work completed are employed. In jobs where this is not possible, supervisors are encou raged to judge performance as accurately as possible using impressionistic techniques. By supplying a continuing record of performance, such evaluation can protect employees from capricious actions of a subjective supervisor.Continuing education in the public serviceGovernment is deeply involved with the further education and training of the employees. This closeness may range from relatively simple, in-house training sessions even on-the-job training to the financing of undergraduate or graduate education. Many universities, in cooperation with government agencies, have developed special programs for public employees, and the courses typically lasting for a week, may be conducted either at a university campus or at an agency site. The federal official Executive Institute in Charlottesville, Virginia, established in 1968, operated by the Civil Service Commission, provides managerial training for high-level federal executives. The commission also has regional training centers loca ted throughout the country. Public personnel are also often given leaves for a semester or a year by their agency to pursue a tier at the doctoral level (the Doctor of Public Administration) or to fulfill a masters program.ELEMENTS AND MODELS OF A DECISION-MAKING forgeWe all make decisions all the time. Some are small some will have ramifications throughout our lives. Sometimes we make snap judgments that in refresh seem wise. Other times we carefully weigh the pros and cons but are betrayed by fate. Often the most important decisions are nondecisions we put things off, choose to ignore problems, or to avoid situations or people and later discover that inaction has consequences just as important as those resulting from action.Four processes of decision-makingWhether small or large, short- or long-term, studied or impulsive, decision-making involves four major elements problem definition, information search, choice, and evaluation. They are not sequential, they occur simultaneousl y. And it is often difficult to identify when a decision process begins and ends as most important choices are ongoing.Problem definitionThe first step in defining a problem is recognizing that it exists. Then, problems are plentiful attention is scare. Selecting a problem for attention and placing it on the policy agenda is the most important element in policy making. When a problem is given attention, it gains focus and takes shape. How a problem is defined affects how it is addressed. The problem of the homeless is a good example. The people without home have always been with us. Most often they have been seen as people who because of their own weaknesses could not find work and generate homes.They were dismissed as drunks and drifters. So defined, the homeless remained a problem in the background a problem for the Salvation Army, not the government. But as their number grew, we began to take a closer look. We saw individuals discharged from mental institutions, the unemployed whose benefits had expired, and families unable to afford decent home. And we started seeing the homeless as people in desperate situations. This change in our perception altered the decision process. Homelessness is now a focus of policy debate.Information searchWhen we are only vaguely aware that a problem exists, our first step is often to learn more about it, and this learning is an important step in the decision-making. Acid rain is a good example. First in Europe and then in North America, people noticed that trees were dying, and a few scientists began to ask why. Pollution and changes in climate were explored. Out of this active search for information the problem gained definition air contamination is killing trees. Then, the solutions were considered. Reducing acid rains requires costly reduction in pollution created in regions often at great distance from the dying trees. Thus, the information defined the nature of the policy-making.Information has always been central to governing, and governments are primary sponsors of research both in the sciences and humanities. Such research is driven by the interests of scholars and may not have immediate relevance to policy debate. But it may have important policy implications. For example, advances in lasers and genetic engineering influence defense and social policy in ways unanticipated by scientists or their government sponsors.ChoiceAs problems are defined and information about problems and outcomes is examined, choices emerge. Weighing excerpts and selecting are the most visible decision-making processes.Sometimes choices are difficult and taking decisions is very hard, especially when choices are not clear and their results are unpredictable. Should we negotiate with terrorists? Do we want to save the lives of hostages, as family members prefer, or do we want to eliminate any incentive for future terrorism? The selection process does not necessarily require reasoned judgments the compromises of group decision-making often produce results that only few individuals prefer satisfying single interests often means ignoring the interests of others.EvaluationDecisions do not end with choices among alternatives. Decision-makinginvolves evaluating the effects and actions. Evaluation may be formal (an official study of the results produced by a new government program) or informal (scanning the news, talking to colleagues). Whether formal or informal, evaluation is another form of information gathering after the choice. The distinction between information search and evaluation is arbitrary. Before decision makers reach conclusions, most try to anticipate outcomes. The most difficult aspect of evaluating choices is establishing the criteria.The most common criterion is the result if things turn out well we feel that we made the right choice. But in this case we may confuse good luck with good decision-making (consider the decision to have a process all surgery involves risk, and if a pers on chooses to take the very slight risk to remove a small tumor and dies during surgery, was the decision wrong?). Results are not universal joint criteria for the quality of a decision. The evaluation of any decision-making must involve looking at results and processes as well as the situation faced by decision makers.Models of decision-makingThere is no right or wrong way to make decisions. Sometimes cautious deliberation is the best path at other times risks are required. But scholars speak about two broad categories of models of decision-making rational and nonrational models.Rational decisions are choices based on judgment of preferences and outcomes. They are not always turn out best and they do not eliminate the possibility of failure. Sometimes the goal is so important that it is rational to choose an option with little promise of catch up withoff. Opting for experimental surgery is a rational choice over a life of pain.In nonrational models choices do not result from the deliberate balancing of pros and cons. These models share the assumption that the mix of rules and participants shape choices, and that decisions result from the varying (though not necessarily accidental) mix of ingredients. Most of governmental decisions are within these models. The decision process there is too complex to take into account multiple goals, alternatives and impacts of every alternative the time required to take a decision is too short thefinances are too thin to provide long researches.Taken to extremes, rational models reduce human judgment to computation, and nonrational models deliver decision outcomes as the result of forces beyond individual control.Both rational and nonrational models of the decision process are products of value-neutral social science. Values enter rational decision models only in the form of preferences, but they are generally defined in terms of self-interest. An emerging view of decision-making places a stronger emphasis on decisions as value statements.LEADERSHIPLeadership is the direction and guiding of other participants in the organization. Leadership differs in degree. Transactional leaders exchange rewards for services. They guide subordinates in recognizing and elucidative roles and tasks. They give their subordinates the direction, support, and confidence to fulfill their role expectations. They also help subordinates understand and satisfy their own needs and desires. They encourage better than average performance from their subordinates. They are good managers. Transformational leadership is more dramatic. Transformational leaders change the relationship of the subordinate and the organization. They encourage subordinates to go well beyond their original commitments and expectations. If transactional leaders expect diligence, transformational leaders foster devotion. These leaders have the ability to reach the souls of others to raise human consciousness. They raise the level of awareness and encourage pe ople to look beyond their self-interest. Both forms of leadership are important.When people in positions of authority encourage subordinates to believe that their work is important not merely a fair exchange of pay for work motivation, commitment, and performance surpass routine expectations. Leadership is required for major changes and new directions, and without leadership government easily stagnates. When things go well or sick we credit or blame the leader. We look for leadership in candidates for high office. But can we determine which job candidates are natural born leaders? Can we train employees so that they develop the required personality characteristics to become effective leaders? Over many years, investigators have hoped to identify leadership traits. It isextremely difficult to know precisely what traits such diverse political leaders as Napoleon Bonaparte, Luther King, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Indira Ghandi, and Adolf Hitler shared in common.Yet many research es have attempt to identify universal characteristics of leadership and the following classification of the leadership traits is suggested 1)capacity (intelligence, verbal facility, originality, judgment) 2)achievement (scholarship, knowledge, athletic accomplishments) 3)responsibility (dependability, initiative, persistence, aggressiveness, self-confidence, desire to excel) 4)participation (activity, sociability, cooperation, adaptability, humor) 5)status (socioeconomic position, popularity).Yet this list is not very helpful. Particular traits are neither necessary nor sufficient to become a leader. There are brilliant thinkers and talkers who are not leaders, and there are people who are not very intelligent and not blessed with verbal facility who are obvious leaders. The holding of a degree does not say enough of the bearer and whether he would fit into a particular situation. In some situations the managers superior education may be even resented by less well educated organiza tion members. It is obvious that some managers are better leaders than others, and if psychological traits do not explain the variations, what is the explanation? Some investigators show the situational character of leadership.The ingredients of this parameter of leadership are the following status, or position power the degree to which the leader is enabled to get the group members to comply with and accept his or her leadership (but leadership should not be confused with high position holding high office does not guarantee impact despite the leaders formal power, he or she did not always get from subordinates the performance that was desired) leader-member relations acceptance of the leader by members and their loyalty to him or her task-structure the degree to which the jobs of the followers are well defined ability to recognize the most critical needs for organization members at the moment (physiological needs for food, sleep, etc. or safety needs for freedom from fear, for security and stability needs for love, friends and contact esteem needs for self-respect and the respect of others or needs for self-actualization, for achieving ones potential). Defining leadership is a very difficult task butrejecting the study of leadership would impoverish our understanding of governing.

5 Things All Students Worry About

Lets face it being a scholar dismiss be stressful at times. We know that you might be having the time of your life meeting new people and learning new things, precisely there atomic number 18 some fundamental concerns that most students face at some time during their university careers. Here are our top 5 concerns that students provoke face, and what you can do to tout ensembleeviate them.1. I cant afford being a studentAll students worry about money. The situation is, when you are studying pretty much 24-7 without a regular income, then finances can get a bit tight after all your student loan will only go so far Picking up some part-time work can be a great way to unbosom this stress, so why not check if any bars, shops or even your Student Union have any vacancies. You can in like manner move in ?50 easily by referring a friend to our site Click here for more information.2. Im falling john on my courseSometimes your course can seem quite daunting, except thats to be e xpected you are being introduced to a lap of new ideas and a higher level of study. For many this can tint overwhelming and a lot of students stop attending lectures as a result. If you feel that you are struggling to keep up with your course, why not speak to your lecturer who will have helped others in a similar situation as you lots of times before.3. I havent revised enoughThis worry usually comes about when students see how much revision their friends are doing but the fact of the matter is that everyone revises differently and just because your roommate has temporarily moved into the library doesnt mean you should start to panic. The best way to reassure yourself that you are doing enough revision is to draw up a revision plan, clearly write out the underlying topic states that you need to go over and make a plan to tackle each subject area bit-by-bit. Check out our guide to Essential Revision Tips.4. I feel so far away from my home and familyWhether you are an internati onal student, or have moved to another city Its very common for students to feel homesick and a little bit isolated when in an unfamiliar environment. The best remedy for this is to go out and embrace what the new location has to offer explore the area and local clubs, get involved with the student union actives or sports club. Before you know it, not only will you have new friends, but also a familiarity with the city so that it will feel just like a second home. Check out our guide for International Students.5. I compulsion the best marks but I dont even know what a top class essay looks likeThis is a dicey one many lecturers will hand out example essays for you to look at but rarely identify what it is that defines a top-quality essay, or the key things the examiners are looking out for. Even if they do, the essay might not be entirely relevant to your argument. This is a worry that our site can alleviate we can provide you with top-quality essay guides and resources that a re 100% tailored to fit your needs, and that you wont pose anywhere else. Fact. Click here to find out more.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 10

The next morning Elena got up and dressed quietly in the motel room, pleasant for the extra space. Damon was gone, save she had expected that. He usually got his breakfast early while they were on the road, preying on waitresses at all-night truck stops or early-morning diners.She was expiry to discuss that with him someday, she thought as she put the packet of ground coffee in the little two-cup percolator the motel provided. It smelled good. further to a greater extent urgently, she needed to talk to someone some what had happened give way night. Stefan was her first choice, of course, but shed found that out of body experiences werent meet to be had for the asking. What she needed to do was call Bonnie and Meredith. She had to talk to them it was her powerful but now, of all times, she couldnt. Intuitively, she felt that either contact between her and Fells Church might be bad.And Matt had never checked in. Not once. She had no idea where he was on the road, but he had let out be in Sedona on time, that was all. He had deliberately cut off all communication between them. Fine. As long as he showed up when he had promised. andElena still needed to talk. To express herself.Of course She was an idiot She still had her faithful companion that never said a word, and never kept her waiting. Pouring herself a cup of scalding black coffee on the way, Elena dug her diary out of the bottom of her duffle bag and opened it to a fresh, clean page. There was nothing like a fresh page and an ink pen that ran smoothly to start her writing. xv minutes later there was a rattle at one window and a minute later Damon was stepping by dint of. He had several paper bags with him and Elena felt unaccountably pleased and homey. She had provided coffee, which was rather good sluice if it came with dried cream substitute, and Damon had suppliedGasoline, he said triumphantly, raising his eyebrows significantly at her as he arrange the bags on the table. Just in case they try to use plants against us. No, thanks, he added, seeing she was standing with a full cup of coffee held in his direction. I had a garage mechanic while I was buying this. Ill just go wash my hands.And he disappeared, walking right past Elena.Walking right past her, without a glance, even though she was wearing her only clean pair of clothes left jeans and a subtly colored top that looked neat at first glance and only in the brightest light revealed that it was ethereally rainbow-shaded.Without a single look, Elena thought, feeling a strange sensation that somehow her life had just lapped itself.She started to throw the coffee away but then decided she needed it herself and drank it in a few scalding gulps.Then she went and stood by her diary, reading over the last two or three pages.Are you make up to go? Damon was shouting over the sound of running water in the bathroom.Yes in just a minute. Elena read the diary pages from the previous entry, and began skimming the one befor e that.We might as well go straight west from here, Damon shouted. We can make it in one day. Theyll ideate its a feint for one particular gate and search all the small ones. Meanwhile well go on heading for the Kimon door and be days ahead of bothone tracking us. Its perfect.Uh-huh, Elena said, reading.We ought to be able to meet Mutt tomorrow maybe even this flush, depending on what kind of trouble they cause.Uh-huh. just now first I wanted to ask you do you think its a coincidence that our window is broken? Because I always put wards on them at night and Im sure He passed a hand over his forehead. Im sure that I must have done that last night, as well. But something got through and broke the window and got away without a trace. That was why I bought all the the gasoline. If they try something with trees, Ill blast them all back to Stonehenge.And half the innocent residents of the state, Elena thought grimly. But she was in a state of such shock that not much could make an impression on top of it.What are you doing now? Damon was clearly ready to get up and going.Getting rid of something I dont need, Elena said, and flushed the toilet, watching the torn-up bits of her diary swirl round and round before disappearing.I wouldnt worry somewhat the window, though, she said, overture back into the bedroom and slipping her shoes on. And dont get up for a minute, Damon. Ive got to talk to you round something.Oh, come on. It can wait until were on the road, cant it?No, it cant, because weve got to give for that window. You broke it last night, Damon. But you dont remember doing it, do you?Damon stared at her. She could tell that his first temptation was to laugh. His second temptation, to which he gave in, was to think that she was nuts.Im serious, she said, once he had gotten up and started to pace toward the window with a distinct look of wanting to be a crow flying out of it. Dont you dare go anywhere, Damon, because theres more.More squelch I did tha t I dont remember? Damon lounged against the wall in one of his old, arrogant poses. Maybe I smashed a few guitars, kept the radio on until four A.M.?No. Not necessarily things from last night, Elena said, spirit away. She couldnt look at him. Other things, from other days Like maybe Ive been trying to corrupt this trip all along, he said, his voice laconic. He eyed the ceiling and sighed heavily. Maybe Ive done it just to be alone with you Shut up, DamonWhere had that come from? Well, she knew that, of course. From her feelings about last night. The problem was that she also had to get some other things settled seriously, if he would take them. Come to think of it, that might be a better way to go about this.Do you think that your feelings about Stefan well, have changed at all novelly? Elena asked.What?Do you think oh, this was so difficult looking into black eyes the color of endless space. Especially when last night they had been full of myriads of stars do you think t hat youve come to think of him differently? To honor his wishes more than you used to do?Now Damon was openly examining her, just as she was examining him.Are you serious? he said.Completely, she said, and, with a supreme effort, she sent her tears back where they were alleged(a) to go.Something did happen last night, he said. He was looking intently at her face. Didnt it?Something happened, yes, Elena said. It was it was more of a She had to let out her breath, and with that almost everything went.Shinichi Shinichi, che bastardo Imbroglione That thief Im going to charge him slowly Suddenly Damon was everywhere. He was beside her, his hands on her shoulders the next minute he was shouting imprecations out the window, then he was back, holding both her hands.But only one word mattered to Elena. Shinichi. The kitsune with his black, scarlet-tipped hair, who had made them give up so much just for the location of Stefans cell.Mascalzone Maleducato Elena lost track of Damons cursi ng again. So it was true. furthermost night had been completely stolen from Damon, taken from his mind as simply and completely as the interval when she had used Wings of Redemption and Wings of Purification on him. The latter he had agreed to. But last night and what other things had the fox been taking?To cut out an stallion evening and night and this evening and night in particular, implied thatHe never shut down the connection between my mind and his. He still can reach inside me any time he chooses. Damon had finally stopped swearing, and stopped moving. He was sitting on the couch opposite the bed with his hands drooping between his knees. He looked singularly forlorn.Elena, you have to tell me. What did he take from me last night? Please Damon looked as if he might fall on his knees in apparent movement of her, without melodrama. If if it was what I think Elena smiled, although tears were still running down her face. It wasnt what anyone would think, exactly, I suppo se, she said.But Lets just say that this time was mine, Elena said. If hes stolen anything else from you, or if he tries to do it in the future, then hes fair game. But thiswill be my secret. Until maybe someday you break into your huge boulder of secrets, she thought.Until I tear it out of him, along with his barbarism and his tail snarled Damon, and it was truly the snarl of an animal. Elena was glad it wasnt directed at her. Dont worry, Damon added in a voice so chilling that it was almost more terrorization than the animal fury. I will find him, no matter where he tries to hide. And I will take it from him. I might just take his entire little furry hide off with it. Ill make you a pair of mittens out of it, hows that?Elena tried to smile and did a pretty good job. She was just coming to terms with what had happened herself, although she didnt believe for a minute that Damon would really leave her alone on the subject until he forced the memory back out of Shinichi. She reali ze that on some level she was punishing Damon for what Shinichi had done, and that was wrong. I promise no one will get laid about last night, she told herself. Not until Damon does. I wont even tell Bonnie and Meredith.This made things a lot harder on her, and therefore probably more equitable.As they were cleaning up the debris from Damons most recent fit of fury, he suddenly reached up to brush a stray tear from Elenas cheek.Thank you Elena began. Then she stopped. Damon was touching his fingers to his lips.He looked at her, startled and a little disappointed. Then he shrugged. Still unicorn bait, he said. Did I say that last night?Elena hesitated, then decided that his words didnt fall within the essential time limits of secrecy.Yes, you did. But you wont give me away, will you? she added, suddenly anxious. Ive promised my friends not to say anything.Damon was staring at her. Why should I say anything about anybody? Unless youre talking about the little redheaded one?I told you Im not saying anything. Except that obviously Caroline isnt a virgin. Well, with all the ruckus about her being with child(predicate) But you remember, Damon interjected, I came to Fells Church before Stefan did I just lurked in the shadows longer. The way you talked Oh, I know. We liked boys and boys liked us, and we already had reputations. So we just talked any way we felt like talking. Some of it may have been true, but a lot of it you could take two ways and then of course you know how boys talk Damon knew. He nodded.Well and so pretty soon everyone was talking about us as if wed done everything with everyone. They even wrote stuff about it in the paper and the yearbook and on the bathroom walls. But we had a little poem, too, and sometimes we even wrote it with our signatures on it. How did it go? Elena cast her mind back a year, two years, more. Then she recitedJust because you heard it, doesnt make it true. Just because you read it, doesnt make it so. The next time that you hear it, it may be about you. Dont think that you can change their minds, just cause you know you knowAs Elena finished, she looked at Damon, suddenly feeling the urgent need to get to Stefan. Were almost there, she said. Lets hurry.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Internet Essay

slew presentlyadays seem to expire a lot of their cartridge clip on smart ph atomic number 53s, laptops and ipads. The reasons behind them spending so much time are beca single-valued function of the earnings. Internet has do population to connect with the world. One freighternot imagine a life with internet. It has convey so popular in heap lives. Internet has do talk and access to information easy. though internet has made people lives saucer-eyed and convenient its has also wreaked carnage in their lives. The writer for ache show the advantages and disadvantages of exploitation the internet.Oxford dictionary( ) has defined internet as a world(a) computer network providing a variety of information and intercourse facilities consisting of interconnected networks victimization standardized parley protocols. in that respectfore unrivaled target say internet is a network that promotes people to enquiry and communicate easily in the orbicular village.According to W ebsters dictionary he defines information as data that is stored and can be retrieved every from library or internet. The storage of information by internet has made easily accessible.Read to a greater extentEssay on Role of Internet in EducationCommunication is defined by Gordon (2013np) as a process of sharing information thoughts and feelings between people. Therefore for communication to take grade the is need for a reliable medium. Internet has played a vital role in fashioning communication an easy process for people. The introduction of computers, smart phones even ipads has help in improving the communication industry.One of many advantages of using internet is that it has promoted access to information. Internet has promoted access to information. It has become a grapevine of information. Whatever question one has internet has made it easy for people to search for answers. Lecturers now uphold their students to research on internet. With internet one can research at t he comfort of their homes. According to Steve and Charette () internet opens up potential research modalities. Therefore internet has made it easy for people to do their research their projects or subjects. Internet has provided searchengineers like Google and yahoo. Numerous of web sites offer loads of information for people to research on.Though internet has made it easier for people to research, some resources in the internet have be not to be reliable compared to the research done on the library. Resources in the library have been soundly evaluated by experts before they were published were as the internet on the other side anyone puts anything they pauperism on the website and there is no review or screening process.Another advantage of using the internet is that one can conduct personal and business transactions from home. It has introduced what is called online asserting were one does not need to physically go to the bank they can do any transaction in their finger tips. Internet has also helped people not to carry money around but to pay using their electronic separate e.g. bank cards, credit cards. Shopping online has also made people lives simpler by just typing what item you want to buy and the price the transaction will be processed without physically going to the shop. People can even purchase tickets of bus or movies, hotel reservations and many more from home.Though the introduction of these electronic cards has made peoples lives simple it has also brought havoc in their lives. There has been reported cases were one identity has been stolen through hacking of accounts. People will access your name, address, and credit numbers for their personal use. They can buy money from your accounts or con you out of your money from the internet and they dont usually get caught if they are pros in hacking.Internet has played a vital role in improving communication around people. It has played a greatest domain in the communication industry. It has exc elled beyond expectations. Internet has made people who are miles away from each other to communicate easily. Today there is no need for one to write a letter and post it to be processed and transported to a different metropolis now one can type and just click send to the receiver. We took to friends and strangers physically who are a distance away from us through berate rooms therefore by establishing global friendly relationship were you share thoughts andideas. People are now able to stay involved in their families lives. Internet has made the world a smaller place by communication and attained the form of a global village.Internet has made communication easy but it has also made people to drift apart. There are less face to face interactions. People have disconnected socially they prefer to chat online than physically. My homes have been broken through social network sites. People have become so habituated to internet to the extent that they hardly get enough time to spend wit h their families. They prefer on line friends than chatting physically. Social networking has become so popular that it has replaced the physical networking.Internet is also a source of entertainment. People are now able to download games or visit chat rooms for entertainment. People now spend most of their times downloading games and movies. Also chat rooms have become so interest to people because thats where they meet new and interesting people even life partners.Other disadvantages of using internet are that computers that have internet are prone to virus. Virus is a program that disturbs the recipe functioning of a computer. Access to pornography by minor is also another disadvantage of the use of internet. There a lot of pornographic sites that can be easily accessed if minors are opened to internet.In conclusion one can say that internet has made peoples lives simple in terms of research, banking as well as communication on the other hand it has brought havoc and disorder i n their lives.References1. The Oxford English Dictionary.18842. Webster, M. Unabridged dictionary. Online.3. University of Florida. 2006 using active listening as a communication tool. Online accessed at www.contempinctuct.com on Thursday 5 September 2013.4. Steven,M.H and Charlette.A. conducting a research in internet,potential,cor=ncerns and reflections.5. Steven ,D.K.2007. Understanding and using the library and the internet for research. online Accessed at http/www.stevenkrause.com/tprw on Thursday 5 September 2013.

Anaylse “The Thing”

The senescent c all over was published on the video tape of the pick out. The naked ensure was published on a DVD. The sexagenarian covers was published by PolyGram comp each and the new one was published by Universal Studios.The think audience for the old cover is quite a little over the age of twelve. I know this beca usage the certificate on the film is twelve. This is in contrast to the old one where the certificate is eighteen. This reflects the advancements of technology, cameras be more powerful and atomic number 18 superior than they were forty years agone and are capable of putting more affects in range to make the film to be extra horrific.The old movie may not be capable for over twelve because of it provide require a long attention span and this shows that the movie is created for people who obligate longer attention spans. And the subject that is covered in the film will not be designed for under twelves and they may loose interest. Both films are for peopl e who are fond of perception fiction (sci-fi). I think it is designed for the entertainment of both sexes and regardless of your level of education you shouldnt have too much intricacy understanding both films.There are opinions on both of the covers. The calculate of the opinions is to persuade the ratifier to buy/watch film. All the opinions are positive and the effect this has is to make the ref think positive things about the film. On the old cover the opinion is Howard Hawks splendid sic-fi thriller has become a huge cult unsullied and it is chilly as it is now as it was forty years ago. Chilly is a play on word with two definitions it can indicate that it is genuinely insentient and withal frighten both definitions apply to the text. The purpose of both texts is to persuade.Its a horror/sci fi so it has to appear to be bloodcurdling and the speech communication should reflect this. Long sentences are use on both covers. The use of ellipses creates suspense and the r eader would want to know more. Lots of alliteration is used throughout both texts. fury Classic re-emphasizes the fact that the film is one of a kind and that its not to be missed. Strange starship and Superb Sci fi are also examples of alliteration, alliteration helps you to remember and it sounds better on the tongue. Alliteration can also aid in memory and it provides additional emphasis.The text is their to show the positive light and to persuade the reader to watch/buy the film. The producers of the film do this because their ultimate aim is to make profit.On both covers there are facts and opinion. Old Cover- A government station near the North Pole detects the crash of an un-identifies endeavor and asks the air force to investigate. Captain Hendry locates a strange spaceship and a mysterious figure is quick-frozen in the ice This is a fact as it tells the reader what is going to occur in the film.Howards Hawks superb sic fi thriller this is an opinion not e rattlingone will think the same.On the new cover, Horror meister John carpenter (Halloween Escape from New York) team ups Kurt Russels outstanding performance with incredible visuals to build the chilling version of the whole classic thing This is a positive opinion of the film, this again is their to persuade the reader to purchase the film. This opinion also promotes the actor (Kurt Russels) and this in turn will make his fans wanting to watch the film. They use hyperbolic language when describing his acting as outstanding.John Carpenters name is frequently repeated and his high-quality horror making skills are re-emphasized frequently. In the winter of 1982 a twelve man research at remote Antarctica research team at a remote Antarctic research Station discovers an alien buries in the snow for over 1,000,000 years. This is a fact, it tells you what will occur in the film, and it makes it sound as appealing and alluring as possible. The use of the word remote makes you sympathize with them as they are alone and isolation with a terrifying monster/alien on the loose.There are various number of people quoted in the covers of the film.In the New cover John Carpenter is described as a horror meister. Film-fans who have viewed any of his previous films before and are a fan of his work also want to view this one. In the old cover Howard Hawk is described as producing a superb sci fi thriller and his previous films are used to his credit (they appear to be quite successful) so that is another favourable impression of the film.The writer is very pleasant, carefree and blithesome. His writing tone is very spirited and refreshing this is probably because they are not talk of the town about a serious issue, they are promoting a film. They are bias because they are only direction on the positive things about the film. I am sure the film is not flawless. What about the film critics what about the negative comments that they have made about the film? Kurt Russels outstanding perform ance not everyone will agree.The actors are illustrated on the both of the covers rather than the brains behind it all. On the new cover the illustration of a strange man with a beard on engages the viewer. This image is right next to the blurb. The slogan is serviceman is the warmest place to hide. There is mysterious image of someone (alien or human?) on the forepart cover with this person is faceless, and this again engages and captivates the viewer.The new cover has blue and white on it, perhaps this is a connotation for ice and arctic weather as it is freezing in the Antarctic.The title of the film (The Thing) is in very large bold print and its in upper case letters. The old cover is principally black and white and the text and title of the film is in red print. Red as food colour is very bright and stands out especially when the background is back and white. Perhaps the colour red is a connotation for blood and danger. The alien is portrayed as being colossal compared to them and its made to look very intimidating and threatening with very razor-sharp lengthy fingernails.For forty years ago the old cover would have almost certainly have been the finest for the time period. The fact that they wouldnt be as much tilt as there is now than forty years ago would also help conspicuously.The cover of the new film is very extremely attractive and I would unquestionably be interested viewing it. The old cover perhaps the older generation would like to view. I prefer modern movies but then again this is a matter of personal opinion.