Legal Aspects of Education Free Essays

The secretary of education in the past William Bennett implemented thorough analysis of the issue concerning the reasons why present educations scheme is not successful for students, and the measures that could be taken to boost educational presentation and protect the finances. He specified several unlawful associations which are worse in the US. It is contradictory to really productive education law. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Aspects of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It places its own priorities, not the students’ on the first place. It has deplored so greatly about the profession of a teacher that it made numerous persons to refuse from the connecting their lives with teaching profession. According to Bennett, the too much legalization of learning system is restraining daring, inventive people who want to hold the accountability and to acknowledge the result. I completely agree with Mr. Bennett that the law simply does not implement its real function. Instead of letting students feel more self-assured and protected it really can prevent good and perspective educators from penetrating school system. Certainly separate individuals really must be removed from teaching however according to Bennett some of such restrictions will be unavoidably â€Å"slipped around† and this will not help to protect students. I suggest that modification-oriented teachers and socio- lawful researchers with sufficient information of learning principle and the function of regulation in communal restructure should consider both its empirical restrictions and speculative positive sides. I agree that the researches should and must actively participate in process of change and it is essential to know on time about the law actions that can protect students’ and teachers’ rights and finish the crisis in the system of education. How to cite Legal Aspects of Education, Papers

Sam Shepard Changing Journalism As We Know It Essay Example For Students

Sam Shepard Changing Journalism As We Know It Essay In 1954, Sam Sheppard was accused of allegedly killing his wife, Marilyn. During this time, the media went absolutely wild. The way they obtained their stories was completely unlike any way they had gone about getting stories before. They completely invaded Sheppards privacy to obtain good stories for their papers and television newscasts. Also, more stories were written about the case than any other event that had been covered in the past. Even the way stories were written was different than the usual style of writing used for that time period. Ethics were completely disregarded during the case. Because of this, Sheppard was released from prison, with the reason that the media had influenced the case so that the jury found him guilty based on the news stories. This had never happened before. Due to the unethical practices displayed by the media, the field of journalism instituted practices, which limited the power of the press. Starting on the day of the murder, the media began to attack Sheppard on any occasion they could. Stories were obtained in unethical, and nearly unlawful ways. Even though they were permitted to do so by the courts, going into Sheppards house and looking through his belongings was not the most ethical practice. Also, though the courts also allowed them to witness the testimony of Sheppard about his wifes death, they really shouldnt have agreed. Stories were written in an unscrupulous manner. The trial before the trial was a meeting between the coroner, Samuel Gerber, and Sheppard, in which Gerber fired questions at Sheppard in front of the entire community without Sheppards lawyer present. The media was allowed to sit in on this hearing and wrote stories about Sheppard being unfairly given too much leeway as a murder suspect. Finally, the amount of stories written about the trial and murder was higher than had been printed in Cleveland about a single murder. Cleveland newspapers printed stories almost every single day for the duration of the situation. Most of these were speculation only, however, or editorials that were run on the front page and believed to be actual articles. Because of the way these stories were run, the jury and most of Cleveland believed that Sheppard was, in fact, guilty. The stories written through the duration of the murder case were one of the main things that was detrimental to Sheppards case. The jurys view of Sheppard was adversely affected by the news stories such as the most famous one of all: Somebody Is Getting Away With Murder. They printed biased stories that the jury members were allowed to read, which gave them a negative view of Sheppard even before he testified. News articles run by local papers also distorted the evidence in the case. An important piece of information that was published dealt with the blood evidence. One of the detectives investigating the case was quoted by a newspaper stating that scientific tests at the Sheppard home have definitely established that the killer washed off a trail of blood from the murder bedroom to the downstairs section. This led the public to believe that Sheppard was lying during his testimony, and believe it, they did. However, over ten years later, the Supreme Court ruled that Sheppards trial had been unfair due to the Fourteenth Amendment that everyone shall have the right to a fair trial with an impartial jury. This, of course, was something that Sheppard had not gotten, due to the media. The court saw that, and believed it was true. So, because of the medias influence over the jury before and during the trial, Sheppard was released from prison. Because of Sheppards release from prison due to an unfair trial caused mainly by the media, the press set up new boundaries to limit the damage they did to a suspected murderer or other criminal. No longer would they print newspaper stories that did not have a neutral standpoint. The reporters leaned toward the guilty verdict, and they showed it in the stories. .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 , .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 .postImageUrl , .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 , .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1:hover , .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1:visited , .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1:active { border:0!important; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1:active , .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1 .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3566a087839fcea9cacd4d61b4a147c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Keeping The Rabble In Line Essay This would no longer occur. Never again would an accused person be labeled a criminal before the trials verdict. The word alleged is now a .

Troy and the Iliad free essay sample

The movie Troy and the epic poem, the Iliad, reveal distinct differences and similarities in several scenes such as when Achilles learns of his fate but still decides to go to war; which is a similarity, and two other scenes which are differences that concern the length of the war and the other is the role of the gods in the story. In both the movie and the book Thetis, Achilles mother tells him of his fate which is that if he sails for Troy he will earn glory and fame but his life will be cut short. Thetis also says that if he decides to stay Achilles will live a long life, get married to a loving wife and have beautiful children. The choice that Achilles faces is either to stay and have a family meaning that his name will only be remembered for a few generations in his family or to go to Troy to fight and he or really his name will become immortal. We will write a custom essay sample on Troy and the Iliad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the Iliad Achilles says For my mother the goddess, silver-footed Thetis, tells me that twofold fates are bearing me toward the doom of death: if I abide here and play my part in the siege of Troy, then lost is my home-return, but my renown shall be imperishable; but if I return home to my dear native land, lost then is my glorious renown, yet shall my life-long endure, neither shall the doom of death come soon upon me. . (Iliad 9,4) Since Achilles decides to go to fight in both versions it shows that his thirst for glory is the same in the movie as it is in the epic poem. Two contrasting scenes which appear in the movie and the poem are when the Greeks manage to breach the Trojan walls in 17 days in the movie Troy compared to the ten years it took to achieve such a feat in the Iliad. Already have nine years of great Zeus gone by This might be because of time constraints associated with a movie and the need to stay under budget thus creating a war which only lasts 17 days. Another key difference is the role of the gods. In Greek culture the gods were an essential facet of life so it makes sense that they would be deeply involved or incorporated into the Iliad where the gods take sides and even fight alongside the soldiers. The movie Troy on the other hand does not involve the gods in the story in fact the gods are barely mentioned. This is probably due to the fact that Greek gods and goddesses are not important in modern day culture. The similarities and differences in the movie and the book may seem to subtract from the story but in truth they do not. The similarities and differences between the book and the movie add to the timelessness of the epic. The poem preserves the Greek culture aspect of the story and the movie adds a modern interpretation to the epic while staying true to the story.

NURS 60271 Social Work Intervention and Service Users The WritePass Journal

NURS 60271 Social Work Intervention and Service Users Introduction NURS 60271 Social Work Intervention and Service Users IntroductionREFERENCESRelated Introduction This essay is based around a children and families case study and will first set out the significant issues for the individuals involved before outlining the policy and legislative mandates and frameworks that would provide the basis for informed assessment and intervention. It will then highlight the most effective interventions, designed to improve the situation, using practice theories and approaches. Finally it will detail the interdisciplinary and multi-agency context and provide the framework and guidance to ensure it was completed in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive way. A significant issue, common to many families dealing with social services departments, is that they often feel a lack of control and autonomy (Harwath, 2002). As social work professionals it is essential that we engage with Josie and her family, establishing their views and opinions, (Thompson, 2002). An initial assessment of Josie’s situation has taken place and this has progressed through enquires under Section 47 of the 1989 Children Act, to the decision to hold a child protection conference. At this conference a recommendation was made to speak to legal services about initiating Care Proceedings in relation to both Michael and baby Perdita. One must consider that the family and professionals may have different perceptions of the current situation and this becomes problematic when assessments focus on family weaknesses and disadvantages (Milner O’Byrne, 1998). There are contradictory reports about Josie’s parenting skills, which could have a significant impact on any decisions taken. Mary, her foster mother, reports that Josie is trying hard with Perdita, demonstrating good levels of affection, whilst staff at the family centre state they have, â€Å"grave doubts† about her ability to parent. Josie is considered to have learning disabilities, however a key issue is the fact that no adequate   assessment has taken place to assess the level, if any, of her learning difficulties. Adult services state that they consider Josie to have ‘only has mild to moderate, not severe learning difficulties,’ and if this is the case, then there could very limited impact on her potential parental capaci ty, however, it must be noted that single parents that have learning difficulties often face prejudice, (Thomas Woods, 2003). Josie’s first child, Michael, has lived with his grandparents since he was just a few months old, but returned to live with her, as a result of his grandmother’s recent death.   It must be confusing and disorientating for him to be temporarily placed back with his mother, and then almost immediately removed again into foster care. Equally it must have placed an additional strain and burden on Josie when Michael was first returned, but then removed, affecting her ability to cope during Perdita’s birth and immediate aftercare. At birth, Perdita’s father was registered on the birth certificate, and through this action he has   parental responsibility. However, when he last visited the police had to be called, after he struck Josie, and therefore extreme sensitivity and care will need to be taken in decisions and agreements made over his future involvement with the family due to the potential problem of domestic violence. The legal position over Emma, Josie’s middle child, who was adopted at age two, needs to be fully established. It is possible that it was agreed as a condition for Josie to have some form of limited contact visits and agreed letterbox contact, and if so then the possibility of restoring this contact should be investigated. The familys economic status is not clear. The nature of Josie’s potential work and the effect of any employment on the family as a whole is currently unknown but could be viewed as a risk factor by some. The core key issues become whether Josie is currently able to provide best care for Perdita and Michael, whether this can be achieved with further support or whether Perdita and Michael need to be removed from Josie’s care and placed elsewhere. There are a wide number of policy and legislative mandates that would provide guidance and inform the assessment process and potential interventions in this case study, however, due to the limits of the word count they will be listed and their relevance outlined in brief. The four principal pieces of legislation relevant to this case study are the Children Act 1989, the Protection of Children Act 1999, the Adoption and Children Act 2002 and the Children Act 2004.   The Children Act 1989 sought to carry into legislation the belief that where possible: children are generally best looked after within the family, with both parents playing a full part and without resort to legal proceedings. The welfare of the children is the paramount consideration, (Children Act, 1989). Thus the Children Act sought, where possible, to protect children within a family environment. Sections 27 and 47 of the Act significantly titled Co-operation Between Authorities and Local Authoritys Duty to Investigate sets out the Governments demands for closer agency communication. The main themes of the Children Act 2004 were an emphasis upon integrated planning, delivery of services, multi-disciplinary working, increased accountability and, especially, more provision for those children with special needs. The core legislation relating to children and their families in England and Wales is the Children Act 1989, (Warman,2003). Section 17 states that it is a duty of every local authority to â€Å"safeguard and promote the welfare of children within their area who are in need†. Whilst Section 47 lays a specific duty to â€Å"make enquires or cause enquiries to be made and to take action in response to reported concerns of significant harm†. Being placed with a foster mother indicates that the family is currently subject to an interim care and supervision order under Section 38, which provides the court with the power to make interim care and supervision orders, which place the children in the care of the local authority on an interim basis, whilst the family is assessed, and until the court can make a final decision. The interim care order has the same effect as a final care order in giving the local authority parental responsibility (Children Act 1989). In fulfilling these duties agencies are assisted by guidance published by the Department of Health . Working Together to Safeguard Families (DoH,1999), directs inter-professional practice where children may be experiencing risk of significant harm, whilst Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (DoH, 2000), provides broad guidance on the conduct of various types of assessment, including the level and nature of the need, the type of appropriate services to meet the assessed need, and how, when, and by whom, such services will be delivered,(Harwarth,2002). To date such interim assessments have seen Josie and Perdita placed with a specialist Mother and baby foster carer, however, it is questionable as to whether the local authority have fully complied with the Children and Young Person Act 2008, as it is possible to argue that suitable accommodation for Michael to reside with his mother and sister, should have been sought and provided. In addition, in circumstances where the authority intends to accommodate a child with a parent or someone with parental responsibility, the authority must first review the proposed arrangements according to regulations made under Section 26 of the Children Act 1989, that is a review by an Independent Reviewing Officer. A sensitive balance needs to be struck by reviewing the placement whilst also promoting a sense of permanence and stability for the child and carers, (Warman, 2003). Looked after childrens reviews are meetings were identified needs are tailored in light of the care plan and status of the placement. Integral to the review is the Every Child Matters ethos, whereby the government seeks to guarantee equal opportunities for all children. Adding further weight, Article 8 of The Humans Rights Act 1998 outlines a persons right to respect for their private life and family, whilst the Mental Capacity Act 2005, provides a statutory framework to empower and protect people who may lack capacity to make some decisions for themselves (HMG, 2005). In Josie’s case this would include people recognised as having some learning difficulties which may affect their capacity to make some decisions. The act makes it clear who can make the decisions, and in which situations, and how they should go abou t this. The Adoption and Children Act 2002, introduced a completely new court order, Special Guardianship, which provides another option for legal permanence for children who cannot grow up with their birth families. Under the Act Special Guardianship is an order made by the court that places a child or a young person to live with someone permanently, and gives legal status for non parents who wish to care for that child or young person in a long term secure placement. A residence order is an order from the court to say who the child should live with. Adoption places a child or young person in a permanent home but upon adoption the birth parents lose parental responsibility, and links with the birth parents are lost in most cases, (Lowe Murch, 2002). Long term fostering offers a similar approach, but it does not always allow the child or young person to feel a sense of security and belonging (Rushton,2003). Also, the long term foster parent would not obtain parental responsibility and there fore not have a legal right to have a say in the decisions involving the child/young person. The role of a family court in child protection cases is to make rulings about the rights to custody of the children involved, (Shepard, 2004). A family court can be convened where the state, on the advice of care agencies, seek custody of a child or children. The family court hears evidence and recommendations from social service workers, doctors, mental health workers and other professionals. This evidence is intended to highlight the potential risk that the children are exposed to, (Bentovim Miller, 2001). If the family court finds that the potential risk to children is too high then it may rule that custody should be removed from the parents and given, either temporarily or permanently, to the State (Schepard, 2004). Such children are referred to as looked after children. The case of Michael and Perdita has reached the point where it has been recommended that Care proceedings in a family court take place and a decision over placement be made. The physical smacking and shouting re ported by staff at the family centre   may become evidential of the view of care services that it is necessary to recommend that custody of Perdita be removed from Josie. With effect from 6th April 2011 The Family Procedure Rule 2010 came into force for all family proceedings, including adoption proceedings. Regarded as the most significant development in the procedure of the family courts for 20 years, (HMCS, 2010), Family Procedure Rules 201, replaces all existing procedural rules for family proceedings, creating a comprehensive and accessible source for all who come into contact with the family justice system. Covering all family proceedings in the High Court, the County Court and the Family Proceedings Court, the Rules were developed by Her Majestys Courts Service (HMCS) and the Family Procedure Rules Committee as a result of requirements set out in the Courts Act 2003. The Rules specify the need to secure that â€Å"the family justice system is accessible, fair and efficient and the rules are simple and simply expressed.†(HMCS, 2010) In seeking solutions about how to intervene most effectively, using practice theories and approaches, there is a need for a holistic approach seeking to utilise any strengths in Josie’s case, before identifying where assistance may be required, (Gibbs, 2003). As a profession we are committed to the pursuit of social justice for the poor, disadvantaged, disenfranchised and oppressed people, (Finn Jocobson 2003), however, prior awareness of the possibility of conflicting opinions, as to how to achieve this commitment, will enable the social worker to react thoughtfully and mediate effectively, (Dalrymple Burke, 1995). My recommendation would be for the Child Protection Conference to take place as required under the legislation. A main purpose of the conference is then to convene, in one place and at one time, all the relevant people interested in the care of Michael and Perdita, to include care professionals, medical practitioners, and if possible, subject to all necessary agreements and consents, Michael’s grandfather and Perdita’s father. Care professionals would then have the opportunity to decide whether legal proceedings ought to be brought on behalf of the children. This conference is a legal requirement and events have transpired to the point that this now cannot be avoided or delayed, however I would advocate that the outcome should, for now, include Perdita staying under the supervision of Josie, with the continued support of the foster mother Mary, whilst a more robust plan of support was investigated and recommendations made for additional support and education to aid impr ovements in her parenting capacity. I would further advocate for Michael to be placed with his grandfather under a special guardianship arrangement. Michael’s paternal attachment to date has been to his grandparents, as an older child Michael might struggle to deal with the status of being adopted and where there is evidence of a good relationship with members of the family, special guardian ship has the advantage of being less disruptive than either fostering or adoption, (Lowe Murch,2003). In the short term, Perdita remains a potential safeguarding issue. The staff have concerns over her being smacked and if this was viewed as a regular occurrence then most professionals would agree that Perdita was at least subject to inadequate parenting, whereas others would go further, and describe this as physical maltreatment, (Harwarth,2002). However, it must be born in mind that Josie may believe that she is attempting to be a good mother and merely modelling her own behaviour on her own experiences (Bandura 1977). The reason for Josie taking an excessive disciplinary approach to Perdita may be linked to her own experience of childrearing. If Josie was herself physically or emotionally maltreated, she may have developed ambivalent or disorganised attachment behaviours which apply to her own parenting relationship with Perdita, (Ainsworth 1989, Dominelli, 2002). The evidence base for proving that child maltreatment is passed form one generation to another is not conclusive (Macd onald, 2001), however it would need to be considered that Josie’s experiences of being raised in care could have an impact her own parenting skills which could be improved with education and support. The following legislation provides for the recommended solutions for this case study. The Children Act 1989 states that, where possible, the welfare of the children must be attempted inside the family environment. Thus the Children Act allows for social work professionals and other carers to monitor the current home situation before formulating their final recommendations. The Child Protection Act 1999 makes provision for Child Protection Conferences and such a conference regarding both Perdita and Michael would be an important short term measure to assess the risk to the children and to co-ordinate a Child Protection Plan for them. Legislation under the Child Protection Act 1999 would allow social workers to place either child on the Child Protection Register which would then require the design of a Child Protection Plan, to control future proceedings towards ensuring the safety of the children. These plans would clearly define what duties each care agency has for the protection of the children, and ensure that there is coherent and productive communication between these individual agencies, (Harwarth,2002). After the initial conference a further meeting can be convened after three months and then further six monthly conferences if felt necessary. I do not feel that Josie’s actions have reached the threshold for removing Perdita, at this time, and instead advocate further education and support should be indentified and provided to help improve her parenting capacity, of Perdita, in the short term, with the potential longer term aim of being placed in suitable supported accommodation to receive Michael also. However, I must also accept that if such short term support measures prove unsuccessful, and improved parental capacity is not observed, then it may be necessary to bring a public law case (family court) against Josie as set out in the Children Act 1989. If the court thinks it necessary to remove custody of Michael and Perdita from Josie, then the Ad option of Children Act 2002 would be utilised to make provisions for the long term care of the children under the status of looked after children. After the child protection conference there would be clear summaries, which identify from the information gathered, the child’s developmental needs, parenting capacity and family and environmental factors. In each of these domains, both strengths and difficulties would then be identified, (Booth Keegan, 1996). Children’s needs do not exist in a vacuum, (Hugman, 1991), therefore the inter-relationships between the child, family and environment must be understood. Michael and Perdita are not yet looked after children, since Jodie is their biological mother and as such, the provisions for looked after children are not part of my recommendations, at this time, however, this could become a possibility.   If this happened, then Perdita’s father, by virtue of having parental responsibility, would need to be consulted and his viewpoint sought before any final placement decision was made, hence my recommendation he be present, if agreement is possible, at the child protection conference. Fundamental to the recommended plan, from the beginning, is the commitment of all the parties involved, and the signatures to the plan of those who have lead responsibility, for ensuring it is carried forward. There should also be a clear recorded statement, on the plan, about when and how it will be reviewed, as reviewing the child’s progress, and the effectiveness of services, and other interventions is a continuous part, (Booth Kegan, 1996). Some of the information for these recommendations would have been gathered at the initial and core assessments and could have been complimented through the use of questionnaires and scales, (Department of Health, Cox and Bentovim, 2000). The Home Inventory (Caldwell and Bradley, 1984) and the Assessment of Family Competence, Strengths and Difficulties (Bentovim Bingley Miller, 2000), also provide important information about the child’s world and family functioning respectively. Service users, such as Josie, know little about the servicers available to them therefore social workers must act as the brokers to resources through referring them, (Payne, 2005). Just as the problems facing families are often interlinked, so the service providers for children and their families need to work closely together to be most effective, (Schneider Lester, 2001). It is important that all those concerned with services to children and families, statutory and voluntary bodies, community groups and families, contribute to the development of these plans, (Payne,1996). Everyone benefits if services are properly co-ordinated and integrated, (Rushton,2003). The structure and organisation of services to safeguard children are dictated by core legislation, guidance and policy, (Dalrymple J. and Burke B (1995). Government key objectives for improvements in outcomes, for children in need, can only be achieved by close collaboration between professionals and agencies working with child ren and families, (Harwarth, 2002). In particular Working together to Safeguard Children (DOH, 1999) and the Framework for the Assessment for Children in Need and Their Families, (DoH, 2000), provide comphrehensive guidance. The Framework for Assessment, (DoH,2000) provides guidance on the initial assessments and core assessments of a child in need including time frames that need to be met. Section 11 of The Children Act 2004 establishes the duty of different service providers to co-operate. â€Å"The support and protection of children cannot be achieved by a single agency Every Service has to play its part. All staff must have placed upon them the clear expectation that their primary responsibility is to the child and his or her family.† Lord Laming in the Victoria Climbià © Inquiry Report, Paragraphs 17.92 and 17.93. Securing the wellbeing of children, by protecting them from all forms of harm, and ensuring their developmental needs are responded to appropriately, are primary aims of social work (Milner O’Byrne, 1998). The effectiveness with which a child’s needs are assessed will be key to the effectiveness of subsequent actions and services and, ultimately, to the outcomes for the child and this can only happen within an interdisciplinary and multiagency context. Many social workers practice in settings where they complete dual roles, protecting vulnerable individuals, and the community at large, in addition to playing other supportive roles, (Payne, 1996). In order to demonstrate adherence to working in an anti- discriminatory and anti-oppressive way it would be important to record the specific views and opinions and feelings of all concerned and attempt to build these, (sometimes contradictory) views into the recommended solutions where possible. At times it would be important to advocate on the family’s behalf with other agencies, taking time to reassure Josie that her views will be sought and listened to in this process, whilst also listening to and integrating the potentially different needs of Michael, the grandfather and Perdita’s father, (Sinclair et al, 2007). Only by working in partnership with the family could you begin to empower them to enable to seek the correct support and assistance. No matter where they are employed, social workers are influenced by the social work value of self determination for their client, (Thompson 2002). In defending this value you can begin to ensure that there has been an adherence to anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice. Further to these general aims, policy guidelines and codes of practice provide the framework for such casework, and are there to enable professionals maintain the standards expected of them, (Payne, 2005). Using the Department of Health Framework for Assessment, as the initial assessment tool, would provide the opportunity to highlight and record the clients involvement in the solutions recommended. The aim of the practice guidance is to make transparent the evidence base for the assessment framework, thereby assisting professionals in their tasks of analysis, judgement and dec ision making and working together to promote anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice. If we are not attuned to recognising and challenging discrimination we run the risk of condoning it, or even exacerbating it, through our own actions, (Thompson, 1998). We need to be sensitive to discrimination and oppression to avoid the pitfall of becoming oblivious to their existence, (Tomlinson Trew, 2002). Giddons (1977) argues that power is intrinsic to all social interaction, we therefore cannot escape the significance of power in our dealings with other people. Assessments and subsequent care plans are more effective if the child and family feel empowered and involved throughout the process (Department for Education and Skills, 2001), to demonstrate that for Josie and her family you had worked in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive way it would be important to establish and document their individual contributions to the process, and ensure they felt involvement in the solutions and recommendations made. One of the hallmarks of good practice in traditional approaches t o social work has been a sensitivity to feelings, (Dominelli, 2002), this aim should run through all aspects of the recommendations. REFERENCES Adoption and Children Act (2002), London: HMSO Ainsworth,M.D.S., (1989) Attatchment Beyond Infancy, American Psychologist, 44, 709-716. In: Cassidy, J. Shaver,P., (2008) Handbook of Attachment: Theory Research and Clinical Application (2nd Ed). New York: Guildford. Bentovim, A. Bingley Miller, L. (2001) The Family Assessment: Assessment of Family Competence, Strengths and Difficulties. Brighton: Pavillion Publishing Booth, M. Kegan, P. (1996). Avoiding Delay in Children Act Cases. Routledge, London. Children Act (1989), London: HMSO   Children Act (2004), London: HMSO. www.dfes.gov.uk/publications/childrenreport Cox, A. Bentovin, A. (2002) The Family Assessment Pack of Questionnaires and Scales. London: HMSO. Cox, A Walker, S. (2002) The HOME Inventory- Home Observation and Measurement of the Environment. Brighton: Pavillion Publishing Dalrymple J. and Burke B (1995) Anti Oppressive Practice Social Care and the Law Buckingham Open University Press DDA – Disability Discrimination Act, 2005 from www.disability.gov.uk/Department of Health, Department of Health (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families. London: HMSO. Dominelli, L.(2002). Anti-oppressive Social Work Theory and Practice. London: Palgrave MacMillan Family Procedure Rules (2010) www.legislation.gov.uk Finn,J.L, Jacobson, M. (2003) Just Practice: Steps Towards a New Social Work Paradigm. In: Journal of Social Work Education Vol 39 2003. Gibbs, L. (2003) Evidence-based practice for the helping professions. Monterey C.A.: Brooks Cole. Harwarth, J. (2002). Maintaining a Focus on the Child? First Impressions of The Framework for The Assessment of Children In Need and Their Families In Cases of Child Neglect. Child Abuse Review Voll11 Issue 4 Pages 195-213. Her Majesty’s Court Service (2010). Courts Act 2003. Direct Gov website. Direct.gov.uk Her Majesty’s Government (2005) Understanding the Mental Capacity Act. Direct Gov website. Direct.gov.uk Holder, W Corey, M. (1986) Child Protective Services Risk Management: A Decision Making Handbook. Action for Child Protection, Charlotte, N.C. Hugman, R., (1991) Power in the caring professions. London: Boyers. Lowe  N, Murch M, (2002) The Plan for the Child: Adoption or long-term fostering, BAAF. Macdonald, G.M., (2001). Interventions for Child Abuse and Neglect: An Evidence Based Approach to Planning and Evaluating Interventions. London: Wiley. Milner,J O’Byrne,P. (1998), Assessment in Social Work, Basingstoke: MacMillan. Payne, M. (1996) What is Professional Social Work? Birmingham:Venture Payne, M. (2005) Modern Social Work Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Protection of Children Act (1999), London: HMSO www.dfes.gov.uk/publications/protectionofchildrenact Rushton, A. (2003). The Adoption of Looked After Children. Social Care Institute for Excellence, London. Schepard, A. I. (2004) Children,Courts and Custody. Hofstra University, New York. Schneider, R.L. and Lester,L.,( 2001) Social Work Advocacy: A new framework for action. Belmont C.A: Brooks/Cole. Sinclair  I, Baker C, Lee J, Gibbs I, (2007) The Pursuit of Permanence Jessica Kingsley Publishing. www.dfes.gov.uk/publications/adoptionofchildrenact Thomas,D. Woods, H., (2003) Working with People with Learning Difficulties: Theory and Practice. Philadelphia: Jessica Kinglsey. Thompson, N. (2001) Anti-Discriminatory practice 3rd Ed. London,Palgrave Thompson,N. (1998) Promoting Equality London Macmillan Press Limited. In : Learning disability:  A handbook for integrated care /  edited by Michael Brown. Salisbury :  APS,  2003. Tomlinson, D.R. Trew, W., (2002), Equalising Opportunities, Minimising Oppression: A Critical Review of Anti-discriminatory Policies in Health and Social Welfare. London: Routledge. Warman, A.(2003) Adoption and Looked After Children: International Comparisons. Family Policies Study Centre, Oxford.

Cambrian Explosion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cambrian Explosion - Essay Example New York State has already gained the significant results of teaching about evolution presently. David Campbell, a teacher in Florida, says that it is for the first time that the Department of Education has modified the standards of teaching evolution in public schools. And calls it, "the organizing principle of life science." But it has been noted that the science teachers all over America are finding it difficult to turn a "culture war into a lesson plan." As per the education experts, even as recently as three years ago, the American public schools have been giving very short shrift to evolution. The poor treatment of evolution can be seen reflected in the creationist beliefs of students. Recently in 2000, Thomas B, Fordham Foundation evaluated the evolution education standards in public schools in all 50 states which was really disappointing. Florida among 12 states receives F grade. But with time it can be seen that now the students have an idea related to evidence of evolutionary change which is an achievement in itself. In 2006 the bills changed and attempted to alter public school science curricula introduced in New York, Alabama, South California, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Indiana and several others. And "only seven states including New York and California got A, with 12 receiving a B, and 8 plus the District of Columbia receiving a C. Seven states got a D, and 15 got an F. Iowa was not included in the report because it does not set standards for any subject." So, New York undoubtedly ranks high on the grounds of teaching of evolution in public schools. Campbell lastly concludes that, "if he forced them look at themselves in the evolutionary mirror, he risked alienating then entirely." 2. What is the difference between science & belief Theory & story David Campbell remarks that in a nation with evangelical Protestantism and various other religious traditions that stress on biblical readings and believe in God as supreme creator of every species, it is obvious that students will fear evolution and even science. They might consider science as a belief which is hostile to their faith. The subject of evolutionary science is considered fraught by the students who are taught right from their tender years to believe that God has created man uniquely in His own form. And when Florida's science standards came out Campbell saw that the students studied science in disbelief. He also mentioned that "Faith is not based in science" and "science is not based on faith". He also stated that he doesn't expect that the students should believe the scientific explanation of evolution but to start forming a base he concluded that he expects then "to understand it". The basic confusion of the word "science" being related to "theory" and "belief" arises from the everyday changing meaning of the word and their usage in science. One of the misconceptions is that, "Theories become facts when they are well supported and/or proven." It is so because with time if any contradictory evidence turns up, the theory might be reevaluated or even abandoned. And then it is not science but only a story which is not believed any more. ................. supported and/or

TOPIC NO 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

TOPIC NO 9 - Essay Example Factors such as culture and history are not included in the Porter’s five forces industry analysis. Because of this, the model is seen as inadequate as an environmental assessment tool. Moreover, the forces behind the model are grounded on the premise of constant returns to scale by Alfred Marshall in his ‘theory of production.’ This paper aims to discuss the changes, such as increasing returns to scale and their effect on the intensity of the forces. Factors such as culture and history and their effect on the forces are also explored. When constant returns to scale is a vital premise where Michael Porter has derived his Five Forces of the industry model, it mainly based on Alfred Marshall’s theory of production. According to Marshall’s theory of production, for a certain increase in the level of all inputs, the output will increase by the same proportion (ILSTU.edu 2009). This has been identified as the constant returns to scale. The concept of constant returns to scale has been the traditional assumption as regards the theory of production. However, changes in our times state that the concept of constant returns to scale is not always the case for production. As firms strive to build production competitive advantage in order to lead the competition, they strive to produce more outputs for a given increase in the level of the inputs, hence increasing returns to scale. As stated in Porter’s five forces: â€Å"In the traditional economic model, competition among rival firms drives profits to zero. But competition is not perfect and firms are not unsophisticated passive price takers. Rather, firms strive for a competitive advantage over their rivals. The intensity of rivalry among firms varies across industries, and strategic analysts are interested in these differences (AUEB.gr).† â€Å"[†¦] unique industry characteristics that define the industry.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Philosophy - Essay Example An analysis of the philosophical works of Plato and his representations of Socrates together with Marx’s Communist Manifesto informs of the ideological underpinnings of philosophy and its contribution to Western philosophy. Socrates’ died in much the same way as he lived: exuding in his philosophical logic that the body and the soul are separate entities. In Jacques-Louis David’s (1787) Death of Socrates the ancient Greek philosopher is sitting on his death bed and is about to take hemlock from his executioner, but he remains animated and talkative. The impression left by the painting is that while his disciples and the executioner are profoundly saddened by his death, Socrates continues to believe in his philosophy that the soul is timeless although the body is not. David’s (1787) painting therefore represents the perpetuation of Socrates’ philosophy. Within ten years of Socrates’ death, his philosophical ideologies were carried over by Plat o, one of his most ardent students/disciples (Graham, 1992). Much of Plato’s philosophical writings appear to be a mere â€Å"reproduction of speeches delivered by other persons† particularly Socrates (Merlan, 1947, p. 406). ... Thus Plato invites profound logic and thinking about the distinction between what an individual knows and what an individual believes in determining by logical deduction that which is representative of the truth. In Western justice systems, jurors are instructed to assess the evidence and to determine for themselves what they believe to be a true and just verdict. Jurors are not instructed to arrive at the actual truth. Thus Plato’s Theaetetus can be said to inform the mechanisms of the Western justice system’s fact finding purpose. Plato once again revisits the issue of knowledge through a dialogue with Socrates in The Republic. Plato questions whether or not the man who professes ignorance is more knowledgeable than the politician who purports to know all things when he does not (Plato, 2000). Through Socrates and his dialogue with a number of Greeks, Plato focuses on a debate that underpins theories of justice, politics, morality and knowledge. Thus The Republic is o ften described as one of the greatest influences on Western philosophy (Blackburn, 2008). Plato’s Republic examines the meaning of justice and explores whether or not it is achieved via the fear or threat of punishment. The dialogue in The Republic asks a series of questions relative to justice and social order and ultimately concludes that justice is necessary. Essentially, Plato constructs the ideal politically just society which consists of different classes of individual within an hierarchal construct (Plato, 2000). Plato’s Apology is yet another immortalization of Socrates and expresses Socrates defense at this trial. Socrates was put on trial for failure to follow the Gods