Analysis Essay

I. Frethorne, Richard. On Indentured Servitude. Edited by Howard Zinn, Anthony Arnove. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press, 2009 II. Frethorne talks about his miserable experience to be an indentured server. He writes the letter to his parents and describes the horrendous conditions he is in. Frethorne states some vital facts. He also writes that people who suffer as indentured servants are willing to lose either leg or arm but to move back to England. According to Frethrone he is working on plantation somewhere in Virginia that is located about ten miles away from Jamestown. He is begging his parents to either send him some money for good living or help him to return to England. Richard Frethorne emphasizes that his life depends on his parents and he hopes that his family is doing fine. III. Richard Frethorne’s letter provides and illuminating picture of the hardships of colonization in the early seventeenth century, especially for the class of indentured servants. Combating isolation, disease, homesickness, hunger and discomfort, Frethorne and his fellow settlers struggled to make a success of their fledgling community. Life in early Virginia was particularly challenging because of the shortage of supplies, the prevalence of disease, and tense relations with the Native Americans. The source is relevant to our course because it describes the social issue that was discussed in our class. Indentured servitude was cheaper for the rulers of British Empire before the moment when indentured servants became capable of surviving the seven-year period and acquiring the land that was promised to them. After that moment slavery of African Americans was demanded. IV. This source influences the interpretation of the historical narrative by providing extra information about the real situation in the colonies. People in England thought that indentured servitude was not a dangerous thing and was an easy way of claiming some land in America. However, Frethorn’s letter to his parents proves the opposite of what was thought. By provided examples of harsh conditions he states that all the servants who already arrived to America had desire to move back to England. He has no money to live. He is starving and afraid of the Indians invading, he begs his parents to hurry up and help his soon for his life depends on it. Of course there is possibility of poor Frethorne to exaggerate because the letter was addressed to his parents; therefore, he has a good discretion of what it might have been like to live  in New England at the time he was there in 1623. Indentured Servitude was a form of slavery but with a better name instead of calling things wit h its names.

Pepsi Lipton

BRISK ® CASE STUDY Overview Customer Profile The Pepsi-Lipton Partnership is a joint endeavor between two major brands, Pepsi-Cola North America and Unilever. This entity is responsible for the Canadian promotions of Lipton, one of the leading beverages in the global market. Business Situation The company launched an entirely new Brisk ® Ready-to-Drink Iced Tea early last year. The brand recognized the emerging presence of a new media segment and required assistance in exploring the potential of direct-client communication using Mobile and Web technology.Addictive Mobile Corp. Solution Addictive Mobile Corp. combined marketing savvy with their licensed technology to design and power a Txt 2 Win Contest campaign, â€Å"Beat the Blues with Brisk ®Ã¢â‚¬ . The promotion incorporated both web and mobile mediums to enhance customer experience. 1 Benefits Brisk ® gained the ability to offer contestants premium web and mobile content while providing an amusing, interactive and inst antaneous entry method.Coke and PepsiThis trend setting use of wireless technologies created a consumer buzz while allowing the brand to track promotional results in real-time. PROFESSIONAL SOLUTION Traditional media assisted in forming initial contest awareness with high school party announcements, beverage cooler stickers and high traffic website banners. Consumers were informed they could enter the Brisk ® contest for chances to win a grand prize and one of the weekly draws, 1001 prizes in all. Participants sent an SMS message to the short code 27475 (BRISK) to automatically opt-in to the contest.Through a wireless dialog, the consumer learned they could gain an extra ballot each time they sent the text message â€Å"PLAY† once a day. Technology integration allowed entrants to send free SMS text messages to their friends from the website, www. brisk. ca. Selected participants were sent a winning code via text message and instructed to go online for prize redemption. 2 RE SULTS AMC’s mobile technology, compatible with all mobile carriers, permitted a wireless pathway for participation in the â€Å"Beat the Blues with Brisk ®Ã¢â‚¬  contest.There was a total of 50,000 entries (two months), fully automated, including selection and prize redemption. During the promotion, a 9% spike in sales was noticed, an average of 100 new members signed up each day while website traffic increased to 1. 7 million hits. Brisk ® now has a database of over 6,000 opt-in members, indispensable market research to compare and analyze. Brand affinity was strengthened through an engaging and personal method directed towards consumer identification. All within in a two months campaign. 3 Pepsi Lipton BRISK ® CASE STUDY Overview Customer Profile The Pepsi-Lipton Partnership is a joint endeavor between two major brands, Pepsi-Cola North America and Unilever. This entity is responsible for the Canadian promotions of Lipton, one of the leading beverages in the global market. Business Situation The company launched an entirely new Brisk ® Ready-to-Drink Iced Tea early last year. The brand recognized the emerging presence of a new media segment and required assistance in exploring the potential of direct-client communication using Mobile and Web technology.Addictive Mobile Corp. Solution Addictive Mobile Corp. combined marketing savvy with their licensed technology to design and power a Txt 2 Win Contest campaign, â€Å"Beat the Blues with Brisk ®Ã¢â‚¬ . The promotion incorporated both web and mobile mediums to enhance customer experience. 1 Benefits Brisk ® gained the ability to offer contestants premium web and mobile content while providing an amusing, interactive and inst antaneous entry method.Coke and PepsiThis trend setting use of wireless technologies created a consumer buzz while allowing the brand to track promotional results in real-time. PROFESSIONAL SOLUTION Traditional media assisted in forming initial contest awareness with high school party announcements, beverage cooler stickers and high traffic website banners. Consumers were informed they could enter the Brisk ® contest for chances to win a grand prize and one of the weekly draws, 1001 prizes in all. Participants sent an SMS message to the short code 27475 (BRISK) to automatically opt-in to the contest.Through a wireless dialog, the consumer learned they could gain an extra ballot each time they sent the text message â€Å"PLAY† once a day. Technology integration allowed entrants to send free SMS text messages to their friends from the website, www. brisk. ca. Selected participants were sent a winning code via text message and instructed to go online for prize redemption. 2 RE SULTS AMC’s mobile technology, compatible with all mobile carriers, permitted a wireless pathway for participation in the â€Å"Beat the Blues with Brisk ®Ã¢â‚¬  contest.There was a total of 50,000 entries (two months), fully automated, including selection and prize redemption. During the promotion, a 9% spike in sales was noticed, an average of 100 new members signed up each day while website traffic increased to 1. 7 million hits. Brisk ® now has a database of over 6,000 opt-in members, indispensable market research to compare and analyze. Brand affinity was strengthened through an engaging and personal method directed towards consumer identification. All within in a two months campaign. 3

A Smart Action Plan

A Smart Action Plan After I had started my first year at University I realised that if I want to become a successful student it is crucial to develop time-management skills. It is based on identifying our goals, prioritising and listing them in order to help us achieve the best result. We also need to identify our strengths, look at our work and think how we could improve it to get a better result in the future. We can do so using a diary or personal organiser. Time-management skills are very important because if we know how to organize our time properly, we can carry out more and meet deadlines. It is important to start with setting our priorities because sometimes there is no time to complete all of them. We need to be aware that some of them might take longer than we expected so we should write somewhere what we want to do and when we want to do it. Resources: We should start with identifying our goals and priorities. When doing so, we need to be realistic and definite about them. We must precise wh at needs to be done, how and when. Then, it is recommended to start keeping an academic diary or a personal organizer where we can write in everything we do (such us important dates or study activities). It will help us to look at the way we work and identify where further improvements can be made. (Oxford Brookes University) To take the most out of the diary we should always carry it with us and keep it up to date. It is also recommended to check it many times a day and add new tasks straight into it. The last step is to identify how we spend the time in order to see if we use it productively. We need to list the work we have to do and precise the amount of time we want to spend on carrying out particular tasks. The most important things should be highlighted or stared that can be easily seen, where the least important ones should be written in a pencil so we can change or remove them easily. (Cottrell S., 2003) Reflective comment: The first thing I did in order to improve my time- management skills was doing some background reading. I used a chapter of a book recommended by my tutor as well as some online resources. It gave me understanding of which steps should be taken in order to became successful. I started with identifying my goal, which was preparing a good set of notes for my oncoming exam. Then I started writing in a diary activities I was planning to do. The most important ones I wrote in using a pen (such as searching for material for my notes) and less important in pencil (like going to the store or meeting someone). The following, I highlighted the most important one so every time I opened my diary it was the first thing I saw. It was a reminder of what is need to be done. Then I identified how much time I want to spend on these tasks.

Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art - Research Paper Example The different figures include Long, which is related to the Dragon; Feng Huang, which is related to the Phoenix; the Qilin, which connotes the Unicorn and Sun Hou Zi, referring to the Monkey King.1 The linguistic collection of terms has a similar interpretation in Japanese, Korean and traditional Vietnamese; it is a reflection of traditional as well as modern exchange of cultural formulations, forms and values. The symbolic â€Å"gateways† are references to the transition process for the Asian community into the new community, and is also a reflection of the social tradition of Spadina Avenue, where the situation used to refer to the displacement of a given culture replaced another, following the arrival of immigrant populations into the city. This paper is a review of Millie Chen’s â€Å"Gateway†, documenting its attributes, the information needed to understand the art work, the artist, the style used and the historical dimensions employed.2 The â€Å"Gateway† is a part of the Colonnade Pole, which is located along at the right side of Spadina Avenue I in Toronto. Starting 1997, the Gateway was identified as the landmark intersection of Chinatown at the Dundas and Spadian Streets – by the Toronto Transit Commission.3 One pair of the poles covered by the name â€Å"gateway† lie to the northern side of the intersection, and the other pair lies to its south. The dimensions of the two pairs of sculptures are six meters in height, 3 meters in length and 0.5 meters in breadth. The materials used for the construction of the different sculptures include steel, fiberglass, polyurethane foam and Endura. The sculpture by Millie Chen is composed of different casts made from fiber glass, showing four legendary creature, which are revered under Chinese and Asian mythology. The four figure forms curved out include a dragon, a phoenix, a Unicorn and a Monkey King, together with the 20 poles used as markers in spell ing out the Chinese inscriptions for the

Business Plan Final Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Business Plan Final Report - Assignment Example The report is prepared for developing and presenting a business plan for the launch of a new business. The business under consideration in this business plan is a bakery business which will be opened up in the form of physical stores in the food retail market of Canada. The report starts with a small discussion regarding what the business will be about and where it will be opened up. This is followed by an introduction that would help the reader of the business plan to understand the main goals of the business plan and act as a guiding section for the reader to keep a track of the whole business plan and its different sections. The report is written in clear and simple language with proper headings and subheadings provided in each section so that the reader of the business plan is able to understand every part of the report easily. Simple words and small well-constructed sentences have been used to make the business plan easily readable as well as easily comprehendible. The business plan includes a section for the analysis of the internal and external factors that may directly or indirectly impact the business. Apart from this, a thorough financial analysis has also been conducted to understand the financial scopes and performances of the Sweet Berry Baker Company in the next 3 years. Thus, the marketing, operational and financial requirements and constraints have been studied in detail while preparing this business plan. The business plan is prepared with the aim of attracting investments from different types of institutional and individual investors like venture capitalists, private equity firms, angel investors, banks and other financial institutions, corporate institutions, private investors etc. Also, the business plan would serve as a document for setting the initial operational standards, product and service requirements and features and the functioning requirements of the Sweet Berry

New uclan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New uclan - Essay Example A wrong post or comment could trigger a negative reaction towards the company leading to economic, social and legal implications. While social networking today provides many opportunities it is advisable to understand the risks posed in order to take necessary steps to use social media responsibly (McNamara 2011, p.14). Every department needs to have a safeguard list to understand the safety aspects of social media. Before posting anything online consider what is termed acceptable and unacceptable behaviour on media terms. Every social site has a term of service that gives a clear terms and conditions, including safety tools and privacy (McNamara 2011, p.14). When engaging in publicity you need to have an understanding of your target audience. To optimize your brand’s publicity collect enough information of online audience’s behaviour. To sell online t is advisable to choose the advertisement carefully that way your target audience is clear (Kent 2008, p.21). Social sites give guidelines online on internet advertising to avoid instances such as cyber bullying, underage sexual exposure, illegal schemes and dangerous masquerades. It is wise for the organization to assign a moderator who can interact with the users and manage content online. Choosing to use sites that adhere to social networking legislations could also lead to good practice. Sites such as Bebo, MySpace and Face book stress are keen on safety use and guidelines and adhere strictly to the land’s laws. Carrying a risk assessment on data protection as advised by Kent (2008, p.24) will act as a good guide while choosing which sites to use. If the site has several administrators always ensure that the managers are clear about what is required of them when interacting with users and responding to posts. The administrators should refrain from inappropriate content, personating, racist or hate material, exploitation and glorifying of dangerous activities.

The Pathophysiological Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease Literature review

The Pathophysiological Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease - Literature review Example Tau treatment has featured greatly as a means of treating the disease across the divide. New methods like stem cell treatment and gene therapy methodologies are also under research. Their effect – presently and in the future – on the AD will also be mentioned. To examine the role of the research, this study aims at reviewing the pathophysiology of the AD and examines the relevant literature on the AD. It aims at creating a review that identifies the main candidate drugs and enzymes noted to play a huge role in the treatment of AD patients. It will touch on the relevant enzymes such as amyloid hypothesis, which play a huge role in underlining the importance of preclinical treatment for AD patients. Therapeutic modifications necessary for the treatment of AD will also be reviewed. As it is well known, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the number one cause of dementia in the world. Being one of the neurodegenerative diseases, there is a need to look for ways of dealing with it. It is important to examine its pathophysiology because AD affects so many people in the world today. To tackle the issue of pathophysiology, the article will look at models and mechanisms that have been operating in the general treatment of AD across the world. Beta-amyloids are the peptides of amino acids crucially involved in the amyloid plaques in brains of patients suffering from the AD. Tau treatment involves the use of microtubule-bound protein in the treatment of AD patients. Cognitive impairment will be discussed because it is the intermediate stage that occurs as normal aging declines, based on cognitive measures. Anti-dementia drugs are important because they play a critical role in lessening the aggression of AD. This will then give way to a discussion on the therapeutic targ ets for AD modifications. Development will only occur from a proper understanding of the present treatments and the impact they have on the degeneration of brain tissues. Many researchers suggest that

To what extent has realism dominated the study of security Essay

To what extent has realism dominated the study of security - Essay Example Power is a notion primarily thought of in the perspectives of material resources necessary to coerce or induce other states. The most important actor when it comes to realism is the state. It is autonomous and unitary because it speaks and acts with a single voice (Glassgold, 2012, p. 89). It is noted that the power of the state is understood in respect to its military capabilities, and thus security concerns. Although all nations seek hegemony under realism as the only path to ensure their own security, other states are incentivized to prevent through balancing the emergence of a hegemon. There is application of rational model of decision making the states through obtaining and acting upon accurate and complete information. National interest guides the sovereign states as explained in the terms of power. Since the single constraint of international system is the anarchy, none of the international authorities and the states are actually left to their devises to provide their own security. The perception of realists that Sovereign states are the key actors in the international system, leads to a special attention to large powers as they are viewed the most influential on the international stage. States are intrinsically obsessed with security (defensive realism) or are aggressive (offensive realism), and that territorial spreading out is only constrained by opposing powers. Security dilemma result due to this aggressive build-up, such that increasing ones security may convey along even increased instability as an opposing power puts up its own arms in response (Vu & Wongsurawat, 2009, p. 89). The dilemma is such that there is competition among the states to up their security as a result of feeling insecure yet at the end none of the state feels secure. There is a spiral of insecurity all along. Hence, security turns into a zero-sum game in that only relative gains can be made. Realists accept as true the fact that there are

A Bright New Boise Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Bright New Boise - Movie Review Example The play was filmed was perceived to win the hearts of many faithful believers in the performance, and was aimed to create awareness for the people to be prepared of the coming back of Jesus Christ. Therefore, it advocates for the people to repent and be prepared to the end of the earth, or the start of the spiritual judgments. The play was timely, as it coincided during the current times of rise of religious crusading in America. This includes the crisis in religious arena such as the rivalry between the Christians and Muslims, or the competing churches, where the play advocates for deliverance from the church crisis. The major themes of the play were to create the notions among the faithful and families to make human connections. However, this paper is objected at reviewing the play on the way it achieved it thematic goals, especially the approaches used to create impact among the audience. The setting of the play starts in the break room of the Hobby Lobby craft stores in the Idah o, where Will applied for a job after a tragic scandal in his home village town, which involved his evangelical church. In the Hobby Lobby, Will meets his teenage boy, whom he left when he was a baby, particularly the Day of Reckoning.

Solow Growth Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Solow Growth Model - Essay Example The second assumption was that if you hold technological progress and D/L is going down as we deplete the resources in a country, K/L may be going up because of capital accumulation, if capital accumulation was allowed to take place in an economy its possible for Y/L to remain constant or even increase and this will lead to economic growth. If the population remains to grow in the Malthusian version, the Malthusian version is what Malthus discussed what would result from high population, he argued that in the case where population was left to grow without any control measures then this would result to a complete depletion of resources, therefore if the population grows according to the Malthusian version then this dictates that Y/L will eventually approach zero. However if we hold population constant and allow K/L to increase without a limit then Y/L will increase. If technological progress occurs in an economy such that c is not equal to zero then for any value of c its possible to calculate a growth rate of L that is consistent with Y/L remaining positive, therefore technological progress can compensate for pop... However if we hold population constant and allow K/L to increase without a limit then Y/L will increase. If technological progress occurs in an economy such that c is not equal to zero then for any value of c its possible to calculate a growth rate of L that is consistent with Y/L remaining positive, therefore technological progress can compensate for population growth. Therefore according to Solow the factors that facilitate population growth include capital accumulation and technological progress, this are the factors that determine whether per capita income grows, decline or remain constant. (Scott (1989)) Shortcomings of the Solows model: The Cobb Douglas function he uses assumes constant returns to scale; also his model assumes that there exists constant elasticity of substitution among the factors of production used in the production process, this assumption allows the standard of living and economic growth to be maintained even if D/L approaches zero as long as K/L rises appropriately. He also assumes that every generation no matter the distance have similar opportunities with the current one, this is not consistent with human behaviour, and people today only care about their immediate gratification and not for generations to come. Other theories of economic growth: The classical school of economist which included Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Mathus and John Stuart Mill considered the main factors of production which included land, capital and labour but in the absence of technological advancement, they however recognised the role of capital accumulation in economic development and

Youth Violence and Gang Membership in America Essay Example for Free

Youth Violence and Gang Membership in America Essay Abstract Youth violence and its continuing growth as an epidemic seems to greatly impact and influence the increasing numbers of gang membership in cities and states. Without proper suppression of this epidemic, at risk youth are at greater risk of committing violent crimes and beginning affiliations with gangs or becoming active gang members themselves. There is myriad of reasons for the link between youth violence and gang membership that add to the spread of gang membership in cities and states. Most of these reasons are factors such as poverty, lack of social acceptance, disorganized homes and delinquent behavior. These factors calculated with other problems such as peer pressure, poor academic performance in school and the overall social environment of at risk youth; add to the growing problem of youth violence and its continued influence on growth in the numbers in gang membership and increase the number of violent crimes committed by youth. In order to reduce the growing numbers of gang membership and combat the growing problem of youth violence in cities and states, proper suppression of this epidemic must be accomplished through gang prevention and intervention programs to teach at risk youths the risk and dangers of crimes, violence and gang membership, harsher juvenile offender laws to deter repeat criminal offenses and gang related activities, more interactive and improved positive home environments to show caring and provide sustainable environment that keeps youth from becoming at risk due to the characteristic of a loving family. After school programs to keep kids involved activities like sports, and games to keep them off the streets and away from the influence of youth violence and gang membership. This paper will outline the various risk and dangers of youth violence and its impact on the growth and spread of gang membership in cities and states. This paper will also outline the various efforts, programs and legislations put in place to help combat, control and suppress the epidemic of youth violence and its influence and impact on the growth of gang membership and crime in cities and states. Introduction The intention of this proposed study on the youth violence, crime and gang membership is to examine explore various reasons that contribute to the link between youth violence and gang membership and explore how the relationship between youth violence and gang membership can cause the spread and growth gang membership and crime in cities and states the results of this study will provide important information and insight to the various elements and factors such as poverty, broken homes, lack of social acceptance etc. and how those factors play a role in youth violence and how youth violence can ultimately lead to gang membership and committing crimes of a violent nature for many troubled or at risk youth, and how without proper suppression of these problems such as providing a more structured community environment for at risk youth, to create positive intervention to deter youth violence and gang membership in cities and states and stricter laws and legislation being implemented to pun ish youthful or juvenile offenders to encourage positive choices by at risk youth, this will greatly impact the youth population who will grow up and lead healthy and productive lives. Problem Statement Youth and gang violence has been an issue for more than two decades. There is myriad of reasons for the link between youth violence and gang membership, most of those reasons or factors such as poverty, lack of social acceptance, disorganized homes and delinquent behavior, continue to impact and influence the majority of lives for at risk youths in cities and states who commit crimes and join gangs. Lack of guidance and social injustices that plague at risk youth place pressures on at risk youth that become overwhelming and the overwhelming majority of at risk youth seem to be giving into these pressures causing them to commit crimes and join gangs so they can fit in and belong to something that fills the void of the lack social acceptance, provides a home for them no matter how corrupt it is and allows at risk youth to act in uncontrolled delinquent behaviors and this expands youth violence, crime and gang membership to different cities and states helping this epidemic of youth viol ence and gang membership grow. Through various studies and research it may be possible to understand why so many youth choose violence and gang membership as a way out. But the aim of this study is to understand why and how youth violence and crime impact the growing numbers of gang membership and its spread in different cities and states. Is proper suppression and intervention the real solution to combating youth violence and crime and the growing numbers of gang membership in cities and states? Hypothesis The growth in youth violence and crime is increasing the numbers of gang membership in cities and states and without proper suppression, this will greatly reduce the youth population who will grow up and lead healthy and productive lives. *Note: the positive correlation will show how an increase in the independent variable (the growth in youth violence and crime), will cause a decrease in the dependent variable (the youth population who will grow up and lead healthy and productive lives). Background and Literature Review Youth and gang violence affects and influences 20-30% of the lives of children and teens. It is an epidemic that seriously impacts and changes the lives of children and teens; it causes delinquent behavior, loss interest in school or the need for an education and increase in violent crimes committed by children and teens. The most dysfunctional youth especially those who develop anti-social behavior due to abuse, broken homes or lack of peer acceptance and fitting in and who begin experiencing increased levels of conduct disorders are the most at risk for high levels of youth violence and criminal activity that can contribute to potential involvement in gang affiliation or membership (Howell J. C., 2007). 3 Specific dynamics were classified that are relevant in guiding this study and correlates with the topic of serious problems and contributing factors of youth violence and gang membership. One of the dynamics or factors identified in this article contributing to youth violence and gang membership is alcohol and substance abuse juveniles who drink or use drugs like marijuana are 3.7% times more likely to join gangs. The second dynamic or factor is academic problems. Children and teens with learning disabilities contributing to low self esteem are 3.6 times likely to join gangs. Poor academic performance and loss of interest in school correspond to a 3.1% chance of youths risk for joining a gang. And the third dynamic or factor in this report that is a contributing factor is Family, juveniles or youths in single parent families are 2.4% likely to join a gang than those in two parent homes. Poor parental supervision and low parental attachment 9 out of 10 times lead to gang membership (Stephen Johnson and David Muhlhausen, 2005). Five national basic strategies of gang intervention and suppression that correlate with the topic of lack of proper intervention or suppression of youth and gang violence will reduce the population of youth who will grow up to be productive and lead healthy lives, are best expressed and explained in a book by (Malcolm W. Klein, 2006). This book exposes the many ineffective attempts that have been made to suppress youth gang involvement and the deterrence of youth violence associated with gang membership. This book also examines and identifies community and societal changes that are crucial toward the mobilization and effective efforts needed to suppress youth and gang violence. This book also correlates with the topic of increasing numbers of gang members and the spread of localized gangs to other cities and states is becoming a compelling problem for law enforcement, by focusing on the multiple patterns of gang activity and their shifts in populations of different cities and states. And this book examines the political responses and financial resources that correlate with the topic of how the spread of gang members to other cities and states has become a compelling problem for law enforcement. Summary This study will help increase and enhance the awareness of the existing problems with youth violence, crime and the increasing numbers of gang membership and also add to the body of knowledge that already exist about the dangerous dynamics, influences and impact that youth violence and crime have on the growing numbers of gang membership inside cities and states, and how those dangerous dynamics continue to influence and impact the lives of at risk youths and continue to prevent majority of them from have productive and law abiding lives. Multiple research studies have been done on youth violence and crime and how they affect the dynamic of growing numbers of gang membership and corruption in cities and states. But other studies were not done from an in depth look at the overall dynamic of the problem, instead of the belly of the beast of the dynamic being studied which is youth who are gang members or at risk youth with gang affiliation or connections being explored a through non experimental design controlled measure of self designed questionnaire designed only to explore and distinguish the most at risk factors associated the most serious dangers of youth violence and crime and gang membership the answers obtained from the willing participants in this non experimental design at risk questionnaire will be used to determine and distinguish differences in noted real life experiences and talked up tall tales to gain recognition by a peer review and response of participants so that the differences can be measured use to calculate how youth violence, crime and gang membership all influence and impact the stability of life for serious at risk youths. Having a non-experimental design such as this will be a beneficial in helping better explain the at risk potential of youths by using a descriptive measure that determine the differences between the participants based on their answers that will really show the depth of who is seriously at risk and who is not. Research Design The purpose of this study is determine how and why youth violence and crime so greatly influence and impact the growth and spread of gang membership inside cities and states. This study utilized the quantitative research method and a non- experimental design. A non- experimental design consist of testing relationships between variables without controlling or manipulating subjects and conditions (Maxfield, 2009). This particular research design was chosen for this study because it uses time as a natural experiment and allows casual order to be established, it expands the ways in which the general study can be taken without limits and time restrictions. The measurements of the independent and dependent variables are taken at the same time, and the non experimental design over all is realistic and a better representation of the initial goals of this study by control of extraneous factors statistically that strengthen the efforts and perceived intentions of this study. Specifically designed questionnaires created by the researcher were designed with 10 in depth but short and easy to answer questions pertaining to youth violence, crime, gang affiliation and actual gang membership. These questionnaires were distributed with the help of acquaintances of the researcher who are inner city counselors in the city of Little Rock Arkansas where this study was conducted and the results from this specifically designed questionnaire were used to evaluate the highest at risk potential and for youth who have been in trouble for crimes and who have gang affiliation or have been or who are currently gang members. Using these results a list was created to examine and explore the various type of crimes and gang affiliations or gang memberships existed between the at risk youthful participants and this was used to evaluate the particular part of this population that was chosen for this study. Sampling The sampling plan for this proposed study consist of non probability sampling, the type of non probability sampling used in this study was convenience sampling the population N= 1000 out of 2500 possible in the proposed population are accessible and easiest to recruit due to the complex nature of this study convenience sampling was selected because it would be impossible to represent the whole population without bias and was less time consuming does not require generalization of the whole population just the population under study. 1000 out of 2500 potential participants were chosen based on the highest risk factors of gang violence, gang affiliation and gang membership and that data collected was used to provide the samples of at risk youth that were chosen for this study. N= 1000 the particular population chosen for this study n= 500 out of the 1000 based on the answers of the questionnaire had been in trouble with the law or had broken the law in some way between the ages of 15 and 17 n= 200 out of the other 500 youthful participants chosen for this study have been or are currently gang members n= 300 confessed or admitted to being a gang member or having been a gang member. Data collection 1000 at risk youth out of 2500 were selected based on risk factors and potential of having been in a gang, having gang affiliation or being in a gang or having committed a crime the determination of these risk factors and potential were based answers given to the questionnaire distributed by the researcher and his acquaintances that aided in the study the selected population N= 1000 that were selected for the study had the overall highest grossing factors and potential for being affiliated with gangs based on their answers the population N= 1000 selected for this study had committed a crime between the ages of 15 to 17, had been known to have gang affiliation as early as 9 to 12 years of age and most had become fully fledged gang members by the age of 15 to 21. It was determined based on the specific answers of the at risk youth participants in this study most came from broken homes, troubles in school, and lack of social acceptance to better understand the dynamic of why the youthful participants of this study were so apt to commit crimes, associate with gangs or become gang members themselves extensive reviews were done of the questionnaires of the selected population chosen for this study since the participating participants refused to do face to face interviews, and it was determined overall that most chose these options in life because they had n other choice and based on statistics associated with youth violence, crime and gang membership obtained from secondary sources tested against the sampling dynamic of this study it was determined that these exterior factors are the reason youth violence and crime is Ideally responsible for the growing numbers of gang membership in cities and states as this study was intended to prove. Data collection tools This study utilized a specifically designed questionnaire that was designed by the researcher and consisted of ten simple but dynamic questions related to involvement in youth violence, committed crimes or participation in crimes, association or affiliation with gangs and actual gang membership or former gang membership. The questionnaire was a good and effective way to collect data from the total population that participated because based on the answers from total population it made easier to measure the independent and dependent variables crucial to the importance of this study and help calculate the differences in answers to help measure which participants had the highest risk factors for being at risk for crime, gang affiliation and gang membership. This made it possible to choose the sample population that would be used to conduct this study. Ethical Issues Conducting a survey with at risk youth was a challenge on all levels, it had to be made clear by the researcher of this study to the participants that their participation was strictly voluntary so they would not feel they were being force to betray any loyalties their possible gang or affiliation with a gang. It was also important for the researcher to make it clear to the participants that none of their answers or information would be shared especially with law enforcement to ensure trust and maintain a level of participation needed for data collection of the study. It was also important for the researcher to point out to the participants that they did not have to answer any question that made them feel seriously uncomfortable in order to maintain a warm and inviting environment for the participant’s voluntary participation. An initial consent form was distributed by acquaintances of the researcher who aided the researcher in distributing the questionnaire used in this study that outlined the potential intent of this study, and pointed out it was voluntary with no compensation just a routine study being conducted to better understand the topic under study, affording the participants to back out at anytime they choose (Institutional Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects, 2006). And the importance of the study was expressed to the participants how their participation and insight in the study could help other at risk youth from facing the same hardships and adversities they faced or were still facing allowing a sense of accomplishment to be felt by the participants that would aide in their willingness to participate. Research Consideration The initial concern for reliability and validity of this study is that the factors and elements of the study will support its initial intent, which was to explain the effects and impact youth violence has on the growing numbers of gang membership in cities and states. And another initial concern of in this area of the study is that the exterior factors will not confound or confuse the initial intent of the study. The core components of the dynamics and risk factors of youth violence crime and how the impact the growing numbers of gang membership was addressed and examined through insightful answers of specified questionnaire and measured and compared through the initial answers of all participants and measured to sample a population for testing using the answers from that questionnaire that came from that population selected for this study produced the strengths and weakness viable to be proven by the implementation of this study. The ethical issues of this study would be the dynamic and concern of the overall justification of the study through the proven methods that were used to collect data important the reliability of this study and the question of was the most fair and inviting environment used to conform to the nature of the chosen participants of this study and their rights and insight obtained and used as data respectfully collected in given justice in initial representation of this proposed study. Conclusion The growth and expansion of youth violence and crime can play dynamic role in the increased numbers of gang membership in cities and states. By providing positive interaction both at home and in communities and giving hope and alternatives to violence and corruption that youth violence ensues upon most youth families and communities of at risk youth can deter crimes committed by youth by keeping them involved in various other activities that allow them no time to consider element of delinquency that are normally associated with youth violence and crime. In a unified effort to counter deter this horrible epidemic that plague so many youth in society today it important for parents to be involved and know what is going on in their child’s lives as much is possible it is important for teachers and educators to pay close attention to the interest of their students and provide a safe learning environment as well as the parents at home to provides safe and inviting environments so the frustrations of youth does not become so overwhelming that they turn to the alternatives of violence, crime, gang affiliation or potential gang membership that can contribute the serious problems of corruption and violence that is growing and spreading in cities and states across the board in the United States. It is important to remember without positive reinforcement and interaction provided by parents and surrounding communities at risk youth simply fall into crime, violence and gangs that reduce the number of youth who will grow up to lead healthy and productive lives in society. References Esbensen, F.-A. (2000). Preventing Adolescent Gang Involvement. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 1-8. Howell, J. C. (2007). Realities of Youth Gangs. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 39-45. Howell, P. A. (2004). Strategic Risk-Based Response to Youth Gangs. Juvenile Justice Causes and Correlates: Findings and Implications, 1-4. (2006). Institutional Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects. Austin: University of Texas- Pan American. Malcolm W. Klein, C. L. (2006). Street Gang Patterns and Policies. New York: Oxford University Press. Maxfield, M. B. (2009). Basics of research methods in criminal justice and criminology 2nd edition. Belmont: Wadsworth. Stephen Johnson and David Muhlhausen, P. (2005). North American transitional youth gangs: Breaking the Chain of Violence. Washington: The Heritage Foundation.

Critically Evaluate The Operations Management Strategy Of Hard Rock Cafe Business Essay

Critically Evaluate The Operations Management Strategy Of Hard Rock Cafe Business Essay Introduction: Operations strategy is the collective concrete actions chosen, mandated, or stimulated by corporate strategy. It is, of course, implemented within the operations function. This operations strategy binds the various operations decisions and actions into a cohesive consistent response to competitive forces by linking firm policies, programs, systems, and actions into a systematic response to the competitive priorities chosen and communicated by the corporate or business strategy. In simpler terms, the operations strategy specifies how the firm will employ its operations capabilities to support the business strategy. Read more: Operations Strategy organization, system, examples, advantages, type, company, business, system, Key success factors, Distinctive competencies, Order winners/qualifiers, The need for an operations strategy http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Operations-Strategy.html#ixzz183Y6GGZ7 The contents of all hard rock cafe operations management strategy is reflected in the strategic decision as follows: Design of Goods and Services. When customers come to the Hard Rock Cafe at any time, they have received excellent service. The Hard Rock Cafà ©s menu changes regularly to give customers the sense of taste and variety of food. The atmosphere is also frequently change over time. The products they sell are always best. For the design, creating products and services are organized and conducted by the three functions. These functions are really needed for the job not only producing products but also necessary for long-term survival of the business. Marketing: Not just providing products to consumers, Hard Rock Cafà © also know how to create demand and supply and service orders on a single product. Production / operation: On providing product delivery to the Hard Rock Cafà © where customers make orders when the customer needs and stay wherever the customer wants. Finance / Accounting: The supply of products to which customers are also simpler for customers to pay cash, and employees can get cash immediately to the bill from small orders, or customers can also use credit cards to pay for larger orders if necessary. Managing Quality Hard Rock cafe always attaches importance to product quality and service quality. In order for products and services better and better, they often set up surveys and solicit customers. This will also be integrated easily what customers like and dislike about products and their services, since there are additional changes to the better business to improve profitability. Process strategy Location strategies Layout of strategies Human resources Supply- chain Management Scheduling Maintenance - Operation Management strategy is the area concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation in support and development of the firms strategic goals. Other areas of concern to operations management include the design and operations of systems to provide goods and services. To put it succinctly, operations management is the planning, scheduling, and control of the activities that transform inputs (raw materials and labor) into outputs (finished goods and services). A set of recognized and well-developed concepts, tools, and techniques belong within the framework considered operations management. While the term operations management conjures up views of manufacturing environments, many of these concepts have been applied in service settings, with some of them actually developed specifically for service organizations. Operations management is also an academic field of study that focuses on the effective planning, scheduling, use, and control of a manufacturing or service firm and their operations. The field is a synthesis of concepts derived from design engineering, industrial engineering, management information systems, quality management, production management, inventory management, accounting, and other functions. The field of operations management has been gaining increased recognition over the last two decades. One major reason for this is public awareness of the success of Japanese manufacturers and the perception that the quality of many Japanese products is superior to that of American manufacturers. As a result, many businesses have come to realize that the operations function is just as important to their firm as finance and marketing. In concert with this, firms now realize that in order to effectively compete in a global market they must have an operations strategy to support the mission of the firm and its overall corporate strategy. Another reason for greater awareness of operations management is the increased application of operations management concepts and techniques to service operations. Finally, operations management concepts are being applied to other functional areas such as marketing and human resources. The term marketing/operations interface is often used. Read more: Operations Management strategy, levels, manager, model, business, History of operations management, What do operations managers do? http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Operations-Management.html#ixzz17PkUiNy3 Evaluate the challenges posed by globalisation on the role of Operations Management in terms of facility location, cultural differences, distance working, the management of staff and supply chain vulnerability./ Ä Ãƒ ¡nh già ¡ nhà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ng thà ¡ch thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©c Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·t ra bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸i toà  n cà ¡Ã‚ ºu hà ³a và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  vai trà ² cà ¡Ã‚ »a hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ trà ­ cÆ ¡ sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸, khà ¡c bià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t văn hà ³a, là  m vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡c tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « xa, quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ nhà ¢n vià ªn và   dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢n thÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng dà ¢y chuyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n cung à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©ng. In this context the Hard Rock Cafà © is a global company to provide the well being of society. These products take on a multitude of forms. These firms produce thousands of complex products every day- to be delivered as the customer ordered them and where the customer want them. Critically examine the contribution of Operations Management to a sustainable organisation in areas such as purchasing supply, transformation and logistics. Cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±c kià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™m tra sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± Ä‘Ã ³ng gà ³p cà ¡Ã‚ »a hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ cho mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©c bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ng trong cà ¡c lÄ ©nh và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±c nhÆ ° mua và   cung cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥p, chuyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i và   hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­u cà ¡Ã‚ ºn Apply project management techniques and methods to Operations Management design, development and implementation activities./ à p dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± à ¡n kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ thuà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­t và   phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng thià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿, phà ¡t trià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™n và   thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±c hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Critically reflect on international transportation methods and their contribution to Operations efficiency./ Cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±c phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n à ¡nh và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  cà ¡c phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ và   Ä‘Ã ³ng gà ³p cà ¡Ã‚ »a hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ Evaluate the impact of risk management policies and techniques on Operations Management strategic and day to day activities./ Ä Ãƒ ¡nh già ¡ tà ¡c Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng cà ¡Ã‚ »a chà ­nh sà ¡ch quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ rà ¡Ã‚ »i ro và   cà ¡c kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ thuà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­t và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ chià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n lÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c và   hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ±ng ngà  y. Evaluate the contribution of IT to supply chain efficiency and effectiveness/ Ä Ãƒ ¡nh già ¡ sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± Ä‘Ã ³ng gà ³p cà ¡Ã‚ »a CNTT Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ cung cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥p hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ dà ¢y chuyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n và   hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ 10 Operation Management Strategy Decisions: Design of goods and services Managing Quality Process strategy Location strategies Layout of strategies Human resources Supply- chain Management Scheduling Maintenance Qs 2: In the light of the above, discuss the operations management challenges and opportunities for Hard Rock when considering an expansion of its business into Hanoi. Ans

Same Sex Marriage Essay

Same Sex Marriage Essay Throughout American history, social rights have changed drastically. During its birth, the United States accepted slavery to be just and reasonable. As the nation grew, some people’s philosophy changed, and thus the Civil War began. The country was deeply divided, but regardless, the North and South stood up and fought for what they believed in. After much struggle, slaves were allowed freedom and eventually given the same rights as other Americans. In the 1920’s, women suffrage grew as a social movement. Women who were protesting for their rights were beaten, arrested, and kept in prison for wanting to vote and have the same opportunity as men. They were extremely passionate, however, to be given the same rights. We now face another social right movement. Michael Bloomberg, the mayor of New York, stated, â€Å"Throughout our history, each and every generation has expanded upon the freedoms won by their parents and grandparents. Each and every generation has removed so me of the barriers to full participation in the American dream. And the next great barrier standing before our generation is the prohibition on marriage for same-sex couples (Huffpost).† The gay community relentlessly and courageously fight for equal rights. Gay couples don’t have the same opportunities of getting married or even being recognized by the state in a civil union. The United States has always prided itself on its freedom from prejudice and inequality, and same sex couples have suffered from injustice too long, and their right to marry must be recognized. Gay marriage rights has undergone a long, struggling history. In the United States during the 1970’s, Jack Baker and James McConnell applied for a marriage license in the state of Minnesota. The state didn’t allow them to continue with the marriage, though. In response, Baker and McConnell filed a suit for state court, which ended up being pushed up to the Supreme Court. Baker and McConnell won their case, and they were allowed to marry each other. A few decades later, however, President Bill Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). This gave other states the choice to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages. On December 3, 1996, Baehr v. Miike was the first trial to challenge the freedom of marriage for same-sex couples since DOMA. The trial was ruled unconstitutional, and the state had no legitimate reason for depriving the right to marriage for homosexuals (History of Marriage). The set-backs kept coming. In the early 2000’s, Alaska, Hawaii, Nebraska, Missouri, Louisiana, Ohio, Michigan, Montana, Texas, Kansas and Oklahoma voted to prohibit same-sex marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships. In 2004, President George W. Bush stated that he supported a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage. This year, 2014, the judges in Texas and Ohio have ordered their state to reconsider each states ban on same sex marriage because the ruling has no reason why they should not be able to marry. While there has been struggles, other states moved towards recognizing gay marriage. Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut recognized civil unions and domestic partnerships during the early 2000’s. The same year that Bush stated his opinions, Massachusetts became the first state to legalize gay marriage in the United States. Today, approximately seventeen states and twenty-one countries and providences throughout the world have either legalized same -sex marriage or recognized it (BostonGlobe). Those who support gay marriage argue that gay couples should be able to get married and celebrate their love like every other traditional couple does. They state that same sex marriage does not weaken the meaning of marriage like others believe. Love is love. Anyone, regardless of who they love, should be able to not only celebrate their love, but also live a life the way traditional couples do with all the benefits. These benefits include tax reductions on estates, adoption, employee, social security, and survivor benefits (Gay Marriage). Gay couples cannot reproduce offspring, so they typically turn to adoption when they want a family. This could take care of the several children in the foster care system and give needy children a warm and loving home. Not only would legalizing gay marriage benefit the couple, but also the state in which the couple lives. The increased revenue that comes in from marriage licenses and higher income taxes would be a big financial gain for states. Estimations found that New York City would bring in $142 million to the economy of New York City through the legal and financial recognition of gay marriage (Love Counts, Thompson). The lack of financial recognition of gay marriage is causing complications for these individuals. While some people may think of Social Security as just a retirement program, but it can make a huge difference in other ways. One of the struggles that gay and lesbian couples are facing is receiving benefits after their significant other has died. Social Security doesn’t give benefits or money to the survivor of a gay or lesbian couple because most states don’t recognize them as being married. Or even worse, if a gay or lesbian couple adopts a child and they both pass away, the child usually does not get any help from Social Security because his or her parent’s marriage was not recognized by the state or the federal government (Survivor Benefits). Being denied financial help right after a significant other has passed must be extremely difficult for anyone. The side supporting same-sex marriage concludes that legalizing gay marriage will not damage marriage and life for the worst, but for the better. According to the opposing side, marriage should reside between a man and a woman. Anything else weakens the meaning of marriage. They argue that by legalizing gay marriage, it will pave the way for legalizing polygamy, incest, bestiality, and lead to a weaker marriage and a weaker family. Marriage is already threatened with high divorce rates, and allowing gay marriage would give some people the ability to have bestiality come into play and marry other objects. This was seen in Sweden in 1987. Sweden began offering gay couples the same benefits as heterosexual couples, and it weakened the meaning of marriage as both divorce rates and marriage rates increased. Studies in Sweden, Denmark and Norway showed that each countries birth rates increased by five percent, and the number of single parents rose twenty-five percent when gay marriage was legalized (Trandafir 317-340). The opposing side also argues with Bible verses such as Leviticus that says, â€Å"If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their own hands (New International Version, Leviticus 20:13).† The opposition also makes the argument that it is not right that they have to pay taxes for something that goes against their beliefs. In 2009, the Congressional Budget Office estimated what the cost would be if government expanded the marriage definition to include homosexual couples in the Constitution. The total cost would be about 300 million more dollars between 2010 and 2019 (Gay Marriage). Another argument is the children that gay couples raise will not be raised in an optimum environment due to the lack of nurture the other gender spouse brings to their child’s life (Gay Marriage). However, Charlotte Patterson and Jennifer Wainright completed a scholarly study about the effects on children who have homosexual parents during 2007. The study found that the children of gay couples do just as well in school and in other activities as children with heterosexual parents (Adolescence). Most children that are raised with homosexual parents are mentally, physical and emotionally stable (American Psychological Association). In its final argument, the opposition says that marriage is a privilege, not a right. People declare that marriage was created to allow society to support traditional couples in reproduction. Meaning, if we allow gay couples to get married, they cannot have children, so they would not be able to populate (Gay Marriage). Generally speaking, there have been several U.S. Supreme Court cases dealing with same sex marriage. The most recent case was United States v. Windsor. Edith Windsor brought evidence to fight for the right to benefits for same sex couples across the nation. In 2007, Windsor and her spouse, who lived in New York, fled to Canada in order to get married. In 2009, her spouse Thea Spyer passed away leaving everything she owned to Windsor. Under the law in the United States, widows do not have to pay tax on anything given or inherited from their dead spouse. When Windsor tried to exempt herself from paying taxes, they would not allow it because she was not married to a man. The Section 3 of DOMA specifically stated that marriage is between a man and a woman. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) denied her claim. They then expected her to pay a gigantic amount of money in inheritance taxes. In the Supreme Court, the justices ruled in a 5-4 vote in Windsor’s favor. According to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, DOMA Section 3’s definition of marriage between a man and a woman was unconstitutional. This case practically re-arranged the meaning of marriage within the DOMA act. With Windsor winning her case, this changed the meaning of marriage in DOMA forever (Wikipedia, United States v. Windsor). There are several smaller cases of their own kind happening as well. In Ohio during 2013, Judge Timothy Black revoked part of the state’s recognition of same sex marriage in other states. He commented, â€Å"Once you get married lawfully in one state, another state cannot summarily take your marriage away, because the right to remain married is properly recognized as a fundamental liberty interest protected by the Due Process Clause [of the Constitution].† In Michigan, District Judge Bernard Friedman will hear arguments in a lesbian couples challenge to the state’s ban on adoption by gay couples. Their lawsuit also protests the state’s ban on same sex marriage. Hopefully, theses recent and smaller cases do not need to go up into the higher courts, and each case can get accomplished within their own state. It’s quicker and easier for everyone (The Week, 4 Pivotal). For anyone who is going through a frustrating time such as defending their marriage or love, they need a support group or community that they can always rely on. This is where the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community comes into the scene. The LGBT community is comprised of people who are either gay, bi-sexual, transgender, questioning, or supporters who want to see marriage equality in the near future. The LGBT community also claims to have another meaning to their name, â€Å"Love, Grace, Beauty, and Truth.† The idea is that everyone can fit in a certain box or category titled love, grace, beauty or truth, but most gays tend to not pertain to a certain â€Å"box† because they are different from the average straight person (Mott). Love stands for lesbian and it is an emotion that fills the human heart with joy and lust for something or someone. It is not just pertained towards a man and a woman; love can happen between two women. Grace uses the analo gy, â€Å"you starve while I feast and please be controlled, polite and pleasant about it (Mott).† Gay people are asked to demonstrate controlled behavior in public while others can feast in each other’s love. Beauty stands for bisexuality. Being bi-sexual means that you are attracted to both males and females. Being bi-sexual is beautiful because they do not care what the gender is, they fall in love with the person regardless of their gender. Last but not least, truth stands for transgender. Transgender people stop pretending what gender society wants them to be. They become whatever gender they want to be. Most people like to think of this as a sex change, but many people in the transgender community say, â€Å"I did not transition. I transitioned the way I present myself to you, and I transitioned your understanding of who I am, but I am the same woman I have always been. What I did, was begin telling you the truth about me. And in the process, I bloomed like a fl ower finally allowed to live in the light (Mott).† LGBT members do not just deal with matters of sexual orientation, they also help with suicide hot lines and prevention websites for such trauma. The LGBT community petitions by either creating or signing an actual petition, writing to their state representative, boycotting certain establishments, or picketing out front of the desired establishment or court case (LGBT, Wikipedia). To continue this boycotting and standing up for what they believe in, I believe that a single organization or a community shouldn’t be funded by an outside source. If a person or organization truly believes in what they are fighting for, they will either spend the money from their own pockets or get a group of people together in order to fundraise the costs needed. In the light of this topic’s controversy, it is easy to see that it is complicated due to biblical, logical, and emotional morale. It is also easy to get lost within one’s own argument without realizing it. Throughout writing this paper, I have grown to understand and respect the opposing side’s choices better, while expanding my knowledge on this topic I truly care about. If we as a nation could join together and legalize same sex marriage for equality, it would settle one of the many controversial issues of our time. We could then move forward and focus on something else that is even more controversial like fixing our primary and secondary education system. In fact, recent polls state that about 70 percent of voters under the age of 30 support the legalization of same-sex marriage. It is only a matter of time until everyone will be able to get married. Imagine if everyone just switched. Meaning that if straight people turned gay and gay people turned straight. The newly gay people would feel the struggle and resistance of not being able to marry or get benefits, while the newly straight people would understand first-hand what the newly gay people are going through and help fight for them. This division that same-sex marriage is creating between states clouds the fundamental issue we face taking away natural-born rights that each American deserves. Works Cited An Overview of Federal Rights and Protections Granted to Married Couples. Human Rights Campaign. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. Answers to Your Questions About Same-Sex Marriage. Http://www.apa.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. History and Timeline of the Freedom to Marry in the United States. Freedom to Marry. N.p., 7 Mar. 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. LGBT. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. . Livingston, Gretchen. Chart of the Week: Big Drop in Birth Rate May Be Leveling off. Pew Research Center RSS. N.p., 6 Sept. 2013. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. Mott, Stephanie`. LGBT: What Does It Really Mean? HuffPost. N.p., 24 Sept. 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. . NYC.gov. NYC.gov. N.p., 16 June 2011. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. Patterson, Charolette, and Jennifer Wainright. Adolescents with Same-Sex Parents: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. American Psychological Association. N.p., 7 Nov. 2007. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. Gay Marriage ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Rayfield, Jillian. 4 Pivotal Gay Rights Court Cases You Should Know about. The Week. N.p., 28 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Social Security. Survivor Benefits. N.p., July 2013. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. Thompson, William C., Jr. Love Counts: The Economic Benefits of Marriage Equality for New York. Publication. New York: n.p., 2007. Print. Trandafir, Mircea. The Effect Of Same-Sex Marriage Laws On Different-Sex Marriage: Evidence From The Netherlands. Demography 51.1 (2014): 317-340. Business Source Complete. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. United States v. Windsor. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. 11 Facts About Gay Marriage. Do Something. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

one day :: essays research papers

The Hunt of a Lifetime   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was the day after Christmas and I was practicing with the goose call I’d opened the morning before. The phone rang and I yelled, â€Å"I got it,† to my mom as I ran to pick it up. â€Å"Hello;† I answered secretly wishing that it was a girl from school. My butterflies settled as the reply I got was â€Å"sup dude,† It was my friend Jon, he wanted to know if I could come over and shoot his new .22. I went and asked my mom if I could. She agreed to give me a ride as long as I picked up all the wrapping paper that was left scattered from the morning before. It was the fastest I’d ever moved as I ran about picking up every scrap of paper that I could find. Mom finally approved my clean up job, and we were off to Jon’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we pulled into his driveway Jon ran out to meet us, .22 in hand, he was ready to shoot. I hopped out and thanked my mom for the ride. We decide that our best chance of finding something to kill would be at Jon’s family farm. Jon went in to get some bullets and before long we were headed across the neighbor’s field on Jon’s four wheeler. We got to the farm and parked the four wheeler by the shop. There was a twisting gravel road that led to the creek and fields below. We began walking down the road and as we rounded the last corner I grabbed Jon by the shirt and pulled him back. â€Å"Geese,† I whispered into his ear. He nodded in understanding, and we both slowly poked our heads around the corner. We looked at each other and turned silently, heading back to the shop. We immediately found Ken, Jon’s dad and told him what we had seen. We asked if he would take us hunting the next morning. He thought about it for a bit, but decid ed he needed to work. We called my dad, hoping that he didn’t need to work. He told us that he needed to work too. Jon and I sat down on a bench in the shop, bummed out that we weren’t going to get to go hunting. After a while Ken was walking by and turned, saying, â€Å"hey you guys are responsible enough, why don’t you go hunting by yourselves.

Special Education Essay -- Education Teaching

Introduction Since the passing of The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), schools are required to serve all students regardless of their disability in a least restrictive environment. Due to increase in the number of students being identified and placed in general education classrooms, educators can expect to serve students with disabilities. It is important to understand the different types of disabilities, the characteristics of these disabilities, and causes; in order to ensure the success of students. This paper will define severe disabilities, mental retardation, traumatic brain injury, autism, and deaf-blindness. In addition, this paper will address the characteristics and causes of each disability. Definition of Severe Disabilities There are many different definitions used to define the meaning of severe disabilities, a general definition for severe disabilities is any disability that significantly limits a person's physical, mental or emotional performance, and requires ongoing extensive support in more than one major life activity in order to participate fully in education, community settings or work. According, to Heward (2009), severe disabilities includes, â€Å"students with significant disabilities in intellectual, physical, and/or social functioning, students that have multiple disabilities or deaf-blindness, students with severe mental retardation, severe emotional disturbance, and severe disabilities or health impairments are encompassed by the term† (p.453). Characteristics of Severe Disabilities Depending upon, the combination and severity of disabilities, and the age of the person with severe disabilities they may exhibit a wide range of characteristics, however, â€Å"one defining characteristic ... ...ents that has one or more disabilites. By having a better understanding of the defintion, characteristics, and causes of these disabiliteis educators can be better prepared to instuct their students. By gaining a better insight of theses students and how they learn, educators can use effective strategies to ensure the success of all students. Works Cited Heward, W. L. (2009). Exceptional children: An introduction to special education (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. (2004). Disabilities Fact Sheet. Retrieved January 8, 2011 from http://www.nichcy.org/InformationResources/Documents/NICHCY%20PUBS/fs10.pdf National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.). Traumatic Brain Injury Information Page. Retrieved January 8, 2011 from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tbi/tbi.htm

Cocaine and the Brain: The Neurobiology of Addiction Essay -- Biology

Cocaine and the Brain: The Neurobiology of Addiction In the eyes of the public, the word addict stirs up a negative image: a person of low moral character who willfully chooses to engage in questionable behavior. This image is perpetuated in the media; on a recent episode of E.R., the chief surgeon criticizes another doctor for allowing a heroin addict (who has been treated for an abscess) to exchange a dirty needle, explaining "we donà ¢t want these low-lives hanging around the hospital." The social stigma attached to addicts reflects the great gap that exists between scientific knowledge and public perception of addiction. Just as mental illness was viewed as a social problem instead of a medical issue until the last several decades, drug addiction continues to be seen as a character flaw instead of as the biological problem that it is. As defined by the American Psychiatric Association, addiction is a "chronically relapsing disorder that is characterized by three major elements: (a) compulsion to seek and take the drug, (b) loss of control in limiting intake, and (c) emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented" (1). This disorder results from the repeated use of a drug over a prolonged period of time, causing physical changes in the brain. Perhaps the most addictive of drugs is cocaine. Cocaine acts on the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) pathway of the midbrain, extending from the ventral tegumental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (2). This pathway is also known as the reward pathway as it is the area of the brain that is activated when someone has a pleasurable experience such as eating, sex, or receiving praise. (NOTE: The reward pathway was discovered through the technique of... ...se%2fform%2facademic%2fs_genjourn_more.html%25a3AD_FORM%25a4s_genjourn%25a3T1%25a4cocaine%20addiction%25a3S1%25a4Title%25a3S2%25a4AND%25a3T2%25a4Morris%2c%20Kelly%25a3S3%25a4author%25a3S4%25a4AND%25a3T3%25a4%25a3S5%25a4Title%25a3date%25a4AFT%25a3after%25a45%3aYR%25a3frm_rng%25a4%25a3to_rng%25a4%25a3srccat%25a4GENMED%3bALLJNL%25a3source%25a4$srccat%25a3pubtitle%25a4%22The%20Lancet%22%25a3srclf%25a4%25a3srclf_group%25a4%25a3srclf_title%25a4%25a3&wchp=dGLSzS-lSlAl&_md5=9d45ca951ebfccd3b6596b38d0b83ce7 19) Combining Drug Counseling Methods Proves Effective in Treating Cocaine Addiction , Information on drug counseling http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol14N5/Combining.html 20) Coping Skills Help Patients Recognize and Resist the Urge to Use Cocaine , Information on therapy for cue-induced relapse http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol13N6/Coping.html

Why Harry Potter Should Be Taught in School

Grace Farrow Scott English 1301. 18 October 31, 2012 Why Harry Potter should be read in college classes. â€Å"Happiness can be found in the most darkest of places, if only one remembers to turn on the light. † – Albus Dumbledore. (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban). The most dynamic series of books and movies of all time is Harry Potter. I, like many other students, am taking both high school and college classes at the same time. In doing so I have a lot of homework.The one book I have found that I and many others read in the very little spare time we have, is Harry Potter. Many people say that Harry Potter is â€Å"bad† because it has witchcraft throughout the story line. Many say that it is a series written for younger adults. Many people say that the settings, characters, and plot lines in Harry Potter are unrealistic and childish. Many books such as The Hobbit, several works of Shakespeare, and the classics such as Dracula, Frankenstein, and Gulliver' s Travels are unrealistic but are required reading in many college classes.Harry Potter covers much of the same ground as the classical stories, and the students would be more interested in reading the story instead of just the Sparknotes. Harry Potter is one of the most read and talked about series of all time. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows alone had 8. 3 million copies sold the first day of its release, not including the pre-orders. Mine was pre-ordered so it was not counted in that figure. Four hundred and fifty million dollars, is the amount of money the books have made just from their respective release dates put together.Harry Potter is a major world wide phenomenon. From 2001 to the present day researchers have found that â€Å"Children who had previously read short chapter books were suddenly plowing through more than 700 pages in a matter of days. †, (moviefone. com). Harry Potter has been beneficial to my generation as we have grown up. Now many colleges are incorporating the Harry Potter books into their lessons. This is helping many students understand more of what they learn in class because the topics are interesting.Also â€Å"Colleges and University professors from all over have begun teaching the literature of J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series in the classroom. And for those who grew up reading the seven book series, professors are finding that students are able to better understand and appreciate the classic literature of Charles Dickens,† (Mugglenet. com) according to a Washington and Lee University English professor. A generation that enjoys reading long books, talking about books with other students, and better appreciating classical English Literature with the likes of Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.While it is interesting that college students themselves are still reading the books, what is most surprising is how readily universities are embracing the books and incorporating them into courses. I know that i f my college professors decided to incorporate Harry Potter into the literature that my class reads, I would be more apt to read and interact with discussions in class because it is fun and interesting. Right now English classes read books like Beowulf, Hamlet, and Macbeth, these books are classics and should be read but not only these books should be read in the classroom.Books such as Harry Potter, Twilight, and The Hunger Games are books that interest young adults, and should at least be incorporated so the students will want to participate. Many students in both high school and college say that Harry Potter brings them a nice break from all of the books they have to read for school. The students still like the fantasy elements in Harry Potter. High school and college students can understand the challenges that Harry had to go through during his school years.Even though the books have very unrealistic angles, like magic and wizardry, young adults can still understand what he is g oing through. The loss of his parents, the hidden love between Ron and Hermione, and the teachers that Harry does not like, and then the ones that do not like Harry. The unrealistic magical way that Harry gets through his problems offer an escape for those people reading the book, who are going through the same problems as Harry. Harry Potter has no age limit- my parents read them, my sister read them, and my niece is reading them.If you have not already read them, do so. Harry Potter offers romance, action, and magic, it is the book for all audiences. The next time you find yourself in a book store just pick the first one up. They are amazing. And who knows you might find it in your literature classes next semester. Rowling J. K. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Askaban New York: Scholastic, 1999. Print. â€Å"Harry Potter Numbers Trivia. † Moviefone. com. 13 July 2007. Web. â€Å"Harry Potter in Literature. † Mugglenet. com. 02 February 2012. Web. Why Harry Potter Should Be Taught in School Grace Farrow Scott English 1301. 18 October 31, 2012 Why Harry Potter should be read in college classes. â€Å"Happiness can be found in the most darkest of places, if only one remembers to turn on the light. † – Albus Dumbledore. (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban). The most dynamic series of books and movies of all time is Harry Potter. I, like many other students, am taking both high school and college classes at the same time. In doing so I have a lot of homework.The one book I have found that I and many others read in the very little spare time we have, is Harry Potter. Many people say that Harry Potter is â€Å"bad† because it has witchcraft throughout the story line. Many say that it is a series written for younger adults. Many people say that the settings, characters, and plot lines in Harry Potter are unrealistic and childish. Many books such as The Hobbit, several works of Shakespeare, and the classics such as Dracula, Frankenstein, and Gulliver' s Travels are unrealistic but are required reading in many college classes.Harry Potter covers much of the same ground as the classical stories, and the students would be more interested in reading the story instead of just the Sparknotes. Harry Potter is one of the most read and talked about series of all time. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows alone had 8. 3 million copies sold the first day of its release, not including the pre-orders. Mine was pre-ordered so it was not counted in that figure. Four hundred and fifty million dollars, is the amount of money the books have made just from their respective release dates put together.Harry Potter is a major world wide phenomenon. From 2001 to the present day researchers have found that â€Å"Children who had previously read short chapter books were suddenly plowing through more than 700 pages in a matter of days. †, (moviefone. com). Harry Potter has been beneficial to my generation as we have grown up. Now many colleges are incorporating the Harry Potter books into their lessons. This is helping many students understand more of what they learn in class because the topics are interesting.Also â€Å"Colleges and University professors from all over have begun teaching the literature of J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series in the classroom. And for those who grew up reading the seven book series, professors are finding that students are able to better understand and appreciate the classic literature of Charles Dickens,† (Mugglenet. com) according to a Washington and Lee University English professor. A generation that enjoys reading long books, talking about books with other students, and better appreciating classical English Literature with the likes of Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.While it is interesting that college students themselves are still reading the books, what is most surprising is how readily universities are embracing the books and incorporating them into courses. I know that i f my college professors decided to incorporate Harry Potter into the literature that my class reads, I would be more apt to read and interact with discussions in class because it is fun and interesting. Right now English classes read books like Beowulf, Hamlet, and Macbeth, these books are classics and should be read but not only these books should be read in the classroom.Books such as Harry Potter, Twilight, and The Hunger Games are books that interest young adults, and should at least be incorporated so the students will want to participate. Many students in both high school and college say that Harry Potter brings them a nice break from all of the books they have to read for school. The students still like the fantasy elements in Harry Potter. High school and college students can understand the challenges that Harry had to go through during his school years.Even though the books have very unrealistic angles, like magic and wizardry, young adults can still understand what he is g oing through. The loss of his parents, the hidden love between Ron and Hermione, and the teachers that Harry does not like, and then the ones that do not like Harry. The unrealistic magical way that Harry gets through his problems offer an escape for those people reading the book, who are going through the same problems as Harry. Harry Potter has no age limit- my parents read them, my sister read them, and my niece is reading them.If you have not already read them, do so. Harry Potter offers romance, action, and magic, it is the book for all audiences. The next time you find yourself in a book store just pick the first one up. They are amazing. And who knows you might find it in your literature classes next semester. Rowling J. K. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Askaban New York: Scholastic, 1999. Print. â€Å"Harry Potter Numbers Trivia. † Moviefone. com. 13 July 2007. Web. â€Å"Harry Potter in Literature. † Mugglenet. com. 02 February 2012. Web.

Chin Tuck Exercise Cervicogenic Headache Health And Social Care Essay

Cervicogenic concern is comparatively common and still controversial signifier of concern. Cervicogenic concern has been classified by International Headache Society and histories for 15 % to 20 % of all chronic and perennial concerns. The estimated prevalence of upset runing from 0.7 % to 13.8 % . The persons with chronic cervicogenic concern experience considerable limitation of day-to-day map, restriction of societal engagement, and emotional hurt. In add-on, these persons report a lower quality of life than other persons. Cervicogenic caput is a syndrome characterized by chronic hemi cranial hurting that is referred to the caput from either cadaverous construction or soft tissues of the cervix. Sensory nervus fibres from the falling piece of land of trigeminal nervus are believed to interact with centripetal fibres from the upper cervical roots ; this convergence allows the bidirectional referral of painful esthesiss between the cervix and trigeminal sensory receptive Fieldss of the face and caput. A functional convergence of sensory and motor fibres in the spinal accoutrement nervus and upper cervical nervus roots finally coverage with the falling piece of land of the trigeminal nervus might besides be responsible for cervical hurting. Cervical concern is a ‘side-locked ‘ or one-sided fixed concern characterized by non throbbing hurting that starts in the cervix and spread to ipsilateral occulo- fronto temporal country. This hurting may be provoked by active cervix motion, inactive cervix positioning particularly in extension or extension with rotary motion toward the side of hurting or an applying digital force per unit area to involved facet parts or over ipsilateral greater occipital nervus. Muscular trigger points are normally found in the suboccipital, cervical, and shoulder muscular structure, and these trigger points can besides mention hurting to the caput when manually or physically stimulated. Diagnostic imagination such as skiagraphy, magnetic resonance imagination and computerized imaging can non corroborate the diagnosing of cervicogenic concern but can impart support to its diagnosing. One survey reported no incontrovertible difference in the visual aspect of cervical spinal column constructions on MRI scans when 24 patients with clinical characteristics of cervicogenic concern were compared with 20 control topics. Cervical phonograph record bulging was reported every bit in both groups. A laboratory rating may be necessary to seek for systemic diseases that may adversely impact musculuss.bones, or articulations ( arthritic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, thyroid or parathyroid upsets, primary musculus disease, etc ) . Flexion rotary motion trial steps motion at atlanto- axial articulation, which has been shown to be a likely beginning of hurting in patients with cervicogenic concern persons who have been diagnosed with cervicogenic concern show values runing from 20 – 28 grades. Flexion rotary motion trial is a stable and quotable method of cervical spinal column scrutiny. It is dependable and has low measuring mistake if performed by an experient clinician ( Hall T, et al. , 2010 ) . Manipulation has often been used for the direction of dorsum and cervix ailments and is thought to ( 1 ) Free gesture sections that have undergone disproportionate supplanting ( or ) are felt to be hypomobile ( 2 ) cause musculus relaxation. These mechanisms are thought to be associated with distribution of unnatural emphasiss within the joint, ensuing in hurting, limitation of gesture and possible redness. Patient with cervicogenic concern will frequently hold altered neck position and restricted scope of gesture. Sustained Natural apophyseal Glide and chin-tuck exercising are the intercessions used to handle the cervicogenic concern in this survey. Sustained Natural apophyseal Glide is the mobilisation with active motion followed by inactive overpressure which should be applied to further increase the motion. Chin-tucks are the postural exercisings should execute early to forestall stiffness from developing and to guarantee the cervix is working right. 1.2 AIM AND NEED OF THE STUDY: ( 1 ) To happen the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel in Cervicogenic concern ( 2 ) To happen the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. ( 3 ) To compare the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. Cervicogenic concern is common and still controversial signifier of concern. The consequence of this survey will assist the physical therapist to choose the appropriate intervention process for better rehabilitation of these patients 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY: A comparative survey on ‘Effectiveness of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern ‘ 1.4 Hypothesis: Null hypothesis There is no difference between the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chintuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. Alternate hypothesis There is important difference between the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. 1.5 Operational Definition: Cervicogenic concern * The universe cervicogenic concern society ( 1998 ) defines, cervicogenic concern as, ‘Referred hurting perceived in primary nociceptive beginning in the musculoskeletal tissue innervated by cervical nervousnesss ‘ . These constructions may include musculuss, aspects, articulations, capsules, and ligaments of upper three cervical sections, nervousnesss, durameter, spinal cord or vertebral arteria. Cervical articulations have been recognized as a beginning of concern. Pain * International society of association for survey of hurting defines hurting as, unpleasant sensory and emotional experience due to existent or possible tissue harm or described in footings of harm ( Merskey and Bogduk, 1994 ) * An unpleasant esthesis that can run from mild, localized uncomfortableness to torment. Scope of gesture * The full gesture possible to the articulation is called the scope of gesture. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Brent Harper ( 2009 ) made a survey on implementing grounds based medical specialty for cervicogenic concern and determined the efficiency of spinal use on patients with cervicogenic concern in relation to quality of life, strength and frequence of cervicogenic concern and articular mobility ( scope of gesture ) . Toby hall et Al ( 2007 ) made a survey on efficaciousness of a c1-c2 self-sustained natural apophyseal semivowel ( SNAG ) in the direction of cervicogenic concern on topics with outcome steps of Flexion Rotation scope and concern index questionnaire and reported the efficaciousness of SNAG in the direction of persons with cervicogenic concern. Ogince et Al ( 2007 ) made a survey and reported that cervical flexion-rotation trial has diagnostic cogency in c1 /2-related cervicogenic concern. Fernandez-des-las-penas C ( 2006 ) made a survey on methodological quality or randomized controlled test of spinal use and mobilisation in patient tenseness type concern, megrim and cervicogenic concern and reported the effectivity of spinal use and mobilisation in concern. Rodeghero et Al ( 2006 ) made a survey on possible function of manual physical therapy and specific exercising intercession in capable with cervicogenic concern, the patient demonstrated betterment with a sum of seven intervention Sessionss, outcome step used were Neck hurting disablement index mark and reported that these intercessions were effectual in rapidly bettering map and damages in patients with cervicogenic concern. Luke Eldrige et Al ( 2005 ) made a survey on the effectivity of cervical spinal column use and prescribed exercising in decrease of cervicogenic concern in capable with a 16 twelvemonth history of cervicogenic concern, the survey consisted of a three hebdomad base line informations aggregation stage, a 3 hebdomad osteopathic manipulative intervention stage and a 3 hebdomad place based exercising stage, outcome steps include ocular linear graduated table and concern journal which indicated a decrease in both strength of concern hurting and frequence. Mc Donnel et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey on intercession attack dwelling of a specific exercising plan and alteration of postural alliance for an person with cervicogenic concern and reported the prosperity in alleviating concern and bettering map of the patient. David M.Biondi et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey and reported the effectivity of curative exercising and manipulative intervention for cervicogenic concern which was non well affected by age, gender of concern chronicity in patients with moderate to severe hurting strength. Hall T and Robinson K ( 2004 ) made a survey of comparative measuring of flexion-rotation trial and active cervical mobility in cervicogenic concern and reported that topics with cervicogenic concern have an norm of 170 less rotary motion toward the concern side in flexure rotary motion trial. Peterson ( 2003 ) investigated the function of use and exercising over 8 hebdomad period in cervicogenic concern patient and reported a important betterment in concern parametric quantity at the decision of test. Jull et Al ( 2002 ) conducted a survey on randomized controlled test of exercising and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic concern and reported that manipulative therapy and exercising can cut down the symptoms of cervicogenic concern and use plus exercising was found to be superior to exert entirely. Sizer et Al ( 2002 ) published a retrospective instance study of 20 twelvemonth history of cervicogenic concern patient, the patient received a combined plan of use and exercising for a sum of 24 interventions over 3 month period and reported a important betterment in concern parametric quantities after the patient received the combined intervention plan of use and exercising. Whorton and Kegerreis ( 2000 ) made a survey on manual therapy and exercising in the intervention of cervicogenic concern patient informations was collected at a 6 months follow up, and five of 6 topics reported a statistically important betterment with intervention Watson and Trott et Al. ( 1999 ) performed quasi experimental cross sectional controlled diagnostic test and identified the deep cervical flexor musculus group as disfunction in cervicogenic concern patients. Mulligan ( 1999 ) described intercessions including ‘SNAGS ‘ technique find utile in reconstructing a loss of cervical ‘ rotary motions which is frequently associated with concern. Nilsson et Al ( 1995 ) conducted a randomized control test of topics comparing use of cervical spinal column with soft tissue massage and simulate optical maser intervention.It fail to make the statistical significance, once more in 1997, with extra topics performed the same test as in first survey and reported a important lessening in concern strength of a group received use. Schoense et Al ( 1995 ) conducted a survey of the consequence of mobilisation on cervical concern, voluntaries were medically cleared to take part, and these topics received 9 to 11 Sessionss of joint mobilisation and reported a important lessening in concern frequence, strength and continuance. Boline et Al. ( 1995 ) conducted a survey of spinal use Vs amitriptylline for the intervention of chronic concern and reported spinal use has long term good consequence than medicine. Nilsson ( 1995 ) conducted a survey on prevalence of cervicogenic concern in a random population sample of 20-59 twelvemonth olds and reported that cervicogenic concern appears to be comparatively common signifier of concern similar to migraine in prevalence. Karen Beeton and Gwendolen Jull ( 1994 ) investigated a plan of use and exercising on cervicogenic concern patient and reported a important betterment in concern parametric quantity 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study design The research design of this survey is experimental in nature, done on different topics with pre-test and station -test scenes. 3.2 Settings The survey was conducted in RVS infirmary. 3.3 Criteria for choice 3.4 Inclusion standards * Headache of cervical beginning * Age group of 20- 59 old ages * Both sexes * Positive flexure -rotation trial 3.5 Exclusion standards * Headache non of cervical beginning * Headache with autonomic Involvement, giddiness ( or ) ocular perturbation * inborn status of cervical spinal column * Contra indicant to manipulative therapy 3.6 Sample population 30 capable and 15 in each groups. 3.7 Method of choice Random sampling technique 3.8 Variables USED IN THE STUDY Independent variable * Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel * Chin tuck exercising Dependent variable * Pain * Range of gesture 3.9 METHODOLOGY Thirty samples selected from the population were divided into two equal group. The process was explained to subject. Both the group underwent a pre trial measuring of hurting strength and scope of gesture. * Group A was treated with sustained natural aphophyseal articulation semivowel * Group B was treated with sustained natural aphophyseal joint semivowel along with chin tuck exercising for 6 hebdomads. Hence both groups were treated and after 6 hebdomads measured hurting by ocular parallel graduated table and scope of gesture measured by goniometer. Technique 1. Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel Position of patient: posing Position of Therapist: standing behind the patient The patient was instructed to sit comfortably on a stool or chair. Therapists stand behind the patient. His or her caput was cradled between healer organic structure and right forearm if therapist bases on patient ‘s right side. The right index, center and pealing fingers wrap around the base of the occiput and the in-between phalanx of the small finger lies over the spiny procedure of cx2 the sidelong boundary line of the left thenar distinction lies over the right small finger. Pressure was applied in ventral way on the spiny procedure of cervical 2 while the skull remains still due to the control of healer right forearm. The truly soft traveling force to make this comes from healer left arm via the thenar distinction over the small finger on the spinal column of cx 2. The 2nd vertebra moves frontward on the first so the first vertebra moves frontward on the base of the skull.this motion should go on until the terminal scope is felt and this place was maintained for at least 10 seconds, this should be repeated for 6 to 10 times. Then learn the patient about self-headache sustained natural apophyseal semivowel by topographic point the manus towel around the spiny procedure of c2 and inquire the patient to procure it with the custodies and inquire the patient to take his or her caput backward without leaning, inquire the patient maintain for at least 10 seconds and repetition it for 6 to 10 times. Mechanism by which the-C1-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel may hold reduced concern symptoms is by the neuromodulation consequence of joint mobilisation. In the gate control theory, stimulation of mechanoreceptors within the joint capsule and environing tissues causes an suppression of hurting at the spinal cord ; In add-on, falling pain-inhibitory systems may be activated, mediated by countries such as the periaqueductal grey of the mesencephalon. The terminal scope placement in rotary motion with the CI-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel may prosecute these repressive systems and cut down hurting. Addition in cervical rotary motion scope on the functional rotary motion trial is that the CI-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel decreased joint stiffness. Mobilization is thought to interrupt down adhesions and stretch environing tissues. That the betterment in rotary motion scope was immediate suggests that the consequence of the Cl-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel technique is more likely related to a neurophysiological alteration in hurting transition instead than an consequence on joint stiffness. Basic Principles ‘ Treatment plane lying across the concave articular surface ‘ Application of accessary motion and patient generated active motions. ‘ During assessment the healer will place one or more comparable marks as described by Maitland. These marks may be a loss of joint motion, hurting associated with motion, or hurting associated with specific functional activities. ‘ Passive accoutrement joint mobilisation is applied following the rules of kaltenborn ( i.e. , parallel or perpendicular to the joint plane ) . This accessary semivowel must itself be pain free. ‘ The healer must continuously supervise the patient ‘s reaction to guarantee no hurting is recreated. Using the cognition of joint arthrology, a well-developed sense of tissue tenseness and clinical logical thinking, the healer investigates assorted combinations of analogue or perpendicular semivowels to happen the right intervention plane and.grade of motion. ‘ While prolonging the accoutrement semivowel, the patient is requested to execute the comparable mark. The comparable mark should now be significantly improved ( i.e. , increased scope of gesture and a significantly decreased or better yet, absence of the original hurting ) . ‘ Failure to better the comparable mark would bespeak that the healer has non found the right contact point, intervention plane, class or way of mobilization, spinal section or that the technique is non indicated. ‘ The antecedently restricted and/or painful gesture or activity is repeated by the patient while the healer continues to keep the appropriate accoutrement semivowel. Further additions are expected with repeat during a intervention session typically farther additions may be realised through the application of inactive overpressure at the terminal of available scope. It is expected that this overpressure is once more, unpainful. ‘ Involving three sets of 10 repeats. 2. Chin tucks Position of the patient: posing or standing Position of the healer: standing in forepart of the patient. Get down this exercising by sitting or standing tall with the patient ‘s dorsum and cervix directly, shoulders should be back somewhat. Ask the patient to insert the mentum until he/she experience a mild to chair stretch in cervix hurting ‘ free, teach the patient to maintain his/ her eyes and nose facing forwards during the motion and clasp for 2 seconds, which can be repeated for 10 times provided there is no addition in symptoms. Postural divergence associated with forward caput position at the atlanto occipital, atlanto axial articulations accompanied by flattening of lower cervical spinal column and possible reversal or flattening of mid cervical hollow-back. This place consequences in joint disfunction that leads to abnormal afferent information impacting the tonic cervix physiological reaction and promoting the gradual acceptance of a forward caput place. This cause compaction on craniocervical constructions because of compaction greater and lesser occipital nervousnesss contribute to prolongation of concern. Chin tuck exercising is the postural exercisings which corrects the forward caput position at that place by cut downing compaction on cranio cervical construction and decrease the concern 3.10 Measurement Tool * Visual parallel graduated table * Goniometer Visual parallel graduated table It consists of 10 cm horizontal line with two terminal points. One terminal was labeled as ‘no hurting ‘ and another terminal labeled as ‘most terrible hurting ‘ . The patient was required to put grade letter writers to the degree of hurting strength that the patient felt. 0 centimeter 10 centimeter No hurting most terrible hurting The distance in centimeter from the low terminal of ocular parallel graduated table for patient ‘s hurting was as numerical index of badness of hurting. Goniometer The term goniometer comes from two Grecian words that mean ‘angle ‘ and ‘measure ‘ . It is an instrument which measures an axis and scope of gesture. It consists of two consecutive lengths of fictile stuff joined by a unit of ammunition subdivision with angle devising. One arm is stationary with regard to the cardinal subdivision and the other arm is movable for flexure ‘ rotary motion scope of gesture of cervix, topographic point the axis of goniometer over the vertex of the caput, line up the stationary arm of the goniometer along the stationary line of the organic structure and movable arm analogue to tip of the olfactory organ. The ask the patient to flex the caput forwards every bit far as possible without flexing the bole and ask of gesture, following the motion with the movable arm of the goniometer, do certain that stationary arm remains consecutive. Before expression at the reading, guarantee that arm of goniometer remain aligned with their seve ral limbs and record the measuring indicated on cardinal subdivision of goniometer. 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPREATION The information collected was subjected to paired't ‘ trial separately for group A and group B utilizing expressions. Formula 1: vitamin D = ? d/n Where, vitamin D = difference between pretest and posttest values vitamin D = is the average value of vitamin D n = is the figure of topics Formula 2: Standard divergence SD = Formula 3: Standard Error ( S.E ) = SD N ‘t ‘ calculated value = vitamin D S.E Formula 4: ‘t ‘ cal = vitamin D S.E Where, t cal is the T calculated value INDEPENDENT't ‘ Trial Formula 1: S= ( n1-1 ) s12 + ( n2-1 ) s22 n1+n2 -2 Where, s is the standard divergence n1 – is the figure of capable in group A n2- is the figure of capable in group B s1 – is the standard divergence of group A s2 is the standard divergence of group B Formula2 S.E = S 1/n12 + 1/n22 Where, s – is the standard divergence S.E. – is the standard mistake Formula 3 X1 – X2 ‘t ‘ cal = S.E Where, X1 is the norm of difference in values between pretest and station trial X2 is the norm of difference in values between pretest and station trial Paired T trial [ comparing of pretest and posttest mean ] TABLE – I 1. Trouble graduated table Capable In group A, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 7.8 and posttest value was 4.2.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 13.823, statistically important In group B, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 6.8 and posttest value was 2.86.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 21.299, statistically important TABLE- II 2. Scope of gesture Capable In group A, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pretest value was 26.13and posttest value was 29.13.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 15.370, statistically important In group B, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pretest value was 25.6and posttest value was 28.3.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 17.692, statistically important Independent ‘t ‘ trial TABLE- III 1. Trouble topic Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel Vs sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising The independent T trial value for hurting, 1.0064 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group TABLE- IV 2. Scope of gesture topic Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel Vs sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising The independent T trial value for scope of gesture, 1.0853 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group Interpretation OF DATA 1. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group A ( Pain ) = 13.823 2. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group B ( Pain ) = 21.299 3. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group A ( scope of gesture ) = 15.370 4. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group B ( scope of gesture ) = 17.692 5. Calculated value of independent ‘t ‘ trial for hurting = 1.0064 6. Calculated value of independent ‘t ‘ trial for scope of gesture = 1.0853 5. Result The pretest and posttest value of the groups were analyzed utilizing mated t trial and independent t trial. In group A, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 7.8 and posttest value was 4.2 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 13.823 which is greater than t value. In group B, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 6.8 and posttest value was 2.86 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 21.299 which is greater than t value. In group A, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pre trial value was 26.13and posttest value was 29.13 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 15.370 which is greater than t value. In group B, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pre trial value was 25.6and station trial value was 28.3 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 17.692 which is greater than t value. The independent t trial values for hurting, 1.0064 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group. The independent t trial values for scope of gesture, 1.0853 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group. From this survey we are accepting void hypothesis and rejecting alternate hypothesis. 6. Discussion Decrease in hurting strength was important in both the groups ( sustained natural apophyseal semivowel, chin tuck with sustained natural apophyseal semivowel ) . Pain alleviation in both the group occurred due to rectification of positional mistake and decreased emphasis in cervix constructions. Restricted flexure rotary motion scope of gesture is one of the cause for cervicogenic concern. The application of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel and chin tuck along with sustained natural apophyseal semivowel facilitated the addition in scope of gesture. There was statistically important betterment in cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture and lessening in hurting on last twenty-four hours of intervention in both the group, but there was no important difference between the groups. 7. Suggestion * The survey can be done in big samples * Study can be carried out for longer period of continuance * It can be applied for patient with cervix hurting and stiffness with no arm motion * Can be applied for low back hurting due to lumbar joint engagement * Control group can be added Restriction * The survey was done for a short span * This survey was applied for age group 20 -59 old ages * This survey was done merely on patient with positive flexure rotary motion trial 8. Decision The survey was conducted with an purpose to compare the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel and sustained natural apophyseal semivowel along with chin tuck exercising. Both these intercessions are utile in handling cervicogenic concern in concern of hurting and addition in cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture. Thus it was concluded that there was important lessening in hurting and addition in cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture in both the group. But there was no important difference between the groups.