Sustainable transportation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable transportation paper - Essay Example The evaluation of the organization’s future performance, as this issue is addressed in Question 3 of the paper, would be based on the information related to urban transportation, as released in the literature. By 2040 the changes developed in Portland are many. These changes have resulted to the transformation of the city’s transportation system. Reference is made specifically to the radical increase of passengers using TriMet for their work trips in Portland. This trend can be related to specific practices adopted by TriMet; these practices have led to the increase of the organization’s ridership by 20% between 2010 and 2040. TriMet has primarily focused on the quality and safety of its infrastructure. When referring to transport, quality is an important criteria for choosing a means of transportation (Karner and Niemeier 2013). In this context, TriMet’s project for the update/ improvement of its network has been based on the Accessibility-Based Approach to Planning. In order for an urban planning project to secure accessibility it needs to meet the above two criteria: ‘mobility and proximity’ (Cervero 2005, p.1). Mobility, as an element of accessibility, shows the easiness in getting from one point to the other, mostly in regard to time spent for completing the relevant trip (Cervero 2005). As for proximity, this term implies the limitation of distance between two points/ areas; this limitation is usually achieved either by using transport means of advanced technology or by developing transport infrastructure, such as bridges etc., that can reduce distance in trips (Cervero 2005, p.1 ). Under these terms, in 2040 people in Portland prefer TriMet in their work trips since they can save significant time in reaching their destination especially since the improvements made in the city’s infrastructure system have emphasized to mobility and

Burka’s book Essay Example for Free

Burka’s book Essay On the surface ‘procrastination’ is an ideologically and psychologically fixed term it is presumed that procrastination is definitely bad and is to be avoided. Thus there exists a whole plethora of books which seek to cure this tendency of ‘delaying. ’ And as far as such efforts go, this book is no exception, rather her book like so many others in its category systematically prescribes how to overcome what the ancients like St. Augustine called ‘acedia’ (depression leading to inordinate delays in doing anything within a time frame. What Burka misses is that it may be fine to procrastinate on doing one’s laundry over writing a thesis; to delay shaving over finishing a novel started from last night. Burka’s book suffers from giving equal importance to every work and an overt tendency to pre-plan everything. This need to plan and work towards goals is a recent phenomenon in self-help literature. Time – management books especially hinge on the setting of goals. There is a fear that by over-regimentation they kill all spontaneity and joy from life and make us automatons. But if one argues that the book is intended for clinically malefficient procrastinators then one ought to point out that self-help books are hardly written for those who need mental help. There is another point regarding this book. It is definitely a secularization of the concept of procrastination. In the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries and even later, ‘delaying’ was inevitably associated with the cardinal sin of sloth. This book opens up the issue for humanistic debates, albeit their humanism is rooted in the ontogeny of Freud. Burka and Yeun devote a whole chapter to the interrogation of procrastination as a formed infantile reaction to clinically significant psychological events. Fear is seen as the source for the ultimate interiorization of chronically delayed work habits. They list many different fears the fear of losing, the fear of being humiliated, etc. Ultimately it is seen that all the various phobias are just related to the process of self-actualization and Jungian individuation. In a very interesting and significant paper Jennifer M. Kosmas1 gives a similar phobic-oriented account of procrastination. Whereas she and other experts in the field are highly technical and do not try to see how the tendency to delay can be prevented; Burka and Yeun posit a reductive approach to problem solving and thus, delay negation. In this they follow the beaten path, not merely of psychiatrists but of self-help gurus and time management experts like the legendary Stephen Covey. Covey in his The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People asks us all to problem-solve by breaking the problem into parts and then working towards the solution within fixed time frames. All this is traditional and time-tested but the real problem for true procrastinators in not to only know the cause of their disease but rather for them, it is a mortal combat against the inertia caused by time itself. This is where the book fails. It falls short of giving any really effective formula to any reader which would impel him or her to just get up and doing a thing. One can plan and write all sorts of goals and have strict time frames; this book creates a programme of two weeks for procrastination de-addiction; but at the end one might just refuse to go running according to the planned start of any exercise regimen. In the final analysis, this book is a clearly written and popular account of procrastination but it fails miserably as a serious book with any real clinical significance. Innumerable studies have shown that procrastination is often psychosomatic and related with depression. The authors, in spite of being practicing psychiatrists, do not really tackle these issues. The parable like examples strewn throughout the book are just Chicken Soup (the popular series) sort of stories. The more serious sort of reader and patient will do better to study the original Freudian works on infantile hysteria and then read Stephen Covey’s books.

Business Report Al Ain Dairy Farm Marketing Essay

Business Report Al Ain Dairy Farm Marketing Essay Al Ain Dairy, first established dairy farm in United Arab Emirates is a leading producer of dairy products. Al Ain Dairy began its business in 1981 and with time it now has three cattle farms with more than 3,000 head of milking steers and one camel farm with more than 200 dairy animals. With significant investment in dairy production technology, packaging machines and testing equipments, Al Ain Dairy farms were able to achieve hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) certification in 2009 (an ISO 22000:2005 certificate) which means they can supply products to the UAE and export the same for the international market. Al Ain Dairy aim is to be the preferred choice of dairy and poultry products of households in UAE. Dairy have range of beverages and dairy products such as fruit yoghurts, Benecol yoghurts, coffee drinks, drinking yoghurt, potted cheese, crà ¨me caramel, custards, fruit desserts and cream for his customers. The dairy also provides variety in milk from normal to flavors like strawberry, banana and chocolate. The company also supplies fresh fruit juice in six flavors produced from fresh juice concentrate. With the increased demand of camel dairy products since early 2008, company has also involved himself in production and supply of camel milk and camel milk ice cream. Retail Presence of Al Ain Diary Products According to a recent study by the Department of Economic Development (DED) UHT juices and UHT milk as products that have great potential for export. In line with this, Al Ain Dairy, the first established dairy farm in the UAE and a leading producer of dairy products, has become one of the few dairy farms in the region to fully depend on its own herds of cows after it has launched a project, among its many activities, to minimize importing and boost local cow breeding with aims to increase milk production and further strengthen its leading position in the highly competitive market. Al Ain has more than 3000 milk producing cows and 2500 young stocks that are supplying the raw milk products to various outlets in country. According to one of the press report in UAE, in Q1 of 2009, the company saw an 18% increase in sales campared to the same period in 2008. In January 2010, the company have increased its total output by 23% compared to the same period in 2009. Al Ain Diary has its own retail chain of stores named Farm Fresh. Best of Al Ain Dairy and Al Ain Poultry products which have be known to be of high quality, healthy and fresh and specially their nutritious products such as Camel Milk, Max Calcium, Benecol, Optimil, Slim are available in all farm fresh outlets. Eng. Abdullah Al Darmaki, CEO, Al Ain Dairy, said: Our aim is to promote our Retail Concept and Exclusivity by introducing Convenience Shopping for our customers. According to one of the press realease in UAE, The dairy and fruit juices industry is expanding at a rate of 10% annually and currently meets 56% of the demand in the UAE, Despite of the current 26 operating cattle farms in the country which contain 15,000 cows producing 167,000 tonnes of fresh milk annually, the local markets needs are still being covered by imported products. Highlighting the huge demand for dairy products in the UAE, the local market faces an essential need to expand according to recent studies which have further recommended that dairy industry should research and develop new and differentiated products designed to meet specific needs and tastes of the local consumers as imports do not completely satisfy the demand. Commenting on this subject, Eng. Abdullah Al Darmaki, CEO, Al Ain Dairy, said: The decision to grow our own cattle has been derived from Al Ain Dairys vision to be recognized as the preferred choice of dairy products for all customers and to become a self-sufficient plant that provides a 100% locally manufactured products Current level of maturity of the companys supply chain of its beverage products The objective of every supply chain should be to maximize the overall value generated. The value of as supply chain generates is the difference between what the final product is worth to the customer and the costs the supply chain incures in filling the customers request.(Chopra, Meindl 2006) The diary currently have 26 operating cattle farms in the country which contain 15,000 cows producing 167,000 tones of milk annually. It is important that fresh and safe milk should be reach to consumer. For this Al Ain Diary farms have eight step critical procedure name cold chain to supply of milk from cow to consumer The cold chain procedure ensures the supply of fresh and safe milk to consumer. Firstly the cows are milked under hygienic conditions, then the raw milk output is examined by technicians at the processing plant to ensures that the milk is of the required quality and standards. The milk is then stored in silos at a constant temperature of +4 °C before starting pasteurisation. The milk is then goes under pasteurisation and homogenisation. Before storing milk from diary to sales depots it is packaged or formulated into other dairy products Al Ain Dairy has its own fleet of vechicles which is fitted with cooling units to ensure that milk should be reach to reatilers at required temperature. Al Ain Dairy salesmen coordinate with retailers regulary to monitor the temperature of cold storage units used to display products. The cold chain process ultimately gives assurance to consumer that they are purchasing the freshest milk that has been produced, stored and distributed under the most hygienic and controlled conditions possible, said Al Darmaki. Objectives Zero stock-outs Stock out is when business run out of stock; and zero stock out is when this condition never occurs. But it does not mean that business to hold too much buffer stock. It is to ensure that a business has exactly the correct amount of stock at any one time. On-time delivery of orders On time delivery is to measure the efficiency of supply chain which in turn measures the amount of finished product or service delivered to customer on time and in required quantity. It helps determine how efficiently we are meeting our customers or agreed deadlines Operational Decision And Analysis Company takes decision on the basis of individual customer needs. The aim of supply chain operations is to fulfill customers needs in the best possible way. There are six key elements to a supply chain: Production Supply Inventory Location Transportation, and Information Company needs to take decision at all these levels to achieve the objectives of zero stock out and on time delivery. Production Our aim is to meet customer demand and satisfaction for this company need to work on capacity, quality and volume of products. We need to focus on what are customers requirements and the market demands to take strategic decisions for production. On the other hand, operational decisions will focus on scheduling workloads, maintenance of equipment and meeting immediate market demands. Supply While keeping the quality high company needs to determine what facilities they are able to produce. Company can also go for outsourcing if required, but company should be careful to select the same. Inventory It is a critical issue in effective supply chain management. Operational inventory decisions should ensure the optimal levels of stock at each location. Company need to focus on how much product should be in storage and need to balance the same to meet market demands as market demands fluctuate. Location Decision regarding location should consider that facilities should be located near to consumer. Production plant should be close to raw material; and distribution and stocking facilities should be placed to prime location to the dedicated market Transportation Transportation encompassed 30% of the cost of product, so using correct transport mode is critical decision. Here company has its own fleet of vehicles to ensure smooth delivery of products under hygienic and controlled conditions. Information In todays competitive world astounding paper work and discordant computer system are unacceptable. Decision should be taken to obtain information from the point of end use. Need to have good coordination throughout the whole supply chain. For this network of computer and internet should be used to streamline the flow of information. Some software can also be used over LAN for account management and communication. Al Ain Dairy Farms provide technical expertise, team facilitation, leadership, and direction in deciding how you will meet the challenge. According to one the press realease in UAE, Al Ain Dairy has expanded its quality control system at local farms and processing plant through the establishment of two new technologies; a Food Lab System and Somatic Cell Counter. The voluntary testing equipment, which is adopted to ensure that all the companys dairy products meet international quality standards in accordance with the companys recent ISO certification. According to Mr. Abdullah Saif Al Darmaki, CEO of Al Ain Dairy, the continued growth of the UAE dairy industry will depend on the ability of large-scale producers to maintain international health standards as operations become more complex and geographically fragmented. The farms supplied raw milk must also go through additional screening procedures at the laboratory, using a Swedish-made Somatic Cell Counter. Somatic cells are white blood cells secreted by the cow and are one of the key indicators of whether raw milk is suitable for refinement. While this screening is a common test at dairy farms, few companies also implement the practice at their processing facilities. Recently Al Ain Dairy, has increased its juices product line by introducing two new juice flavours, guava and pineapple, to complement its existing range of six fruit juice products. Commenting on the introduction of the new flavours, Abdullah Saif Saeed Al Darmaki, CEO of Al Ain Dairy said: Growing our consumer base has been an important goal for us. With increasing demand in the market, we wanted to reinvest a significant portion of our profits in expanding our product lines and raising our production capacity. So far we are happy with the results. The company have also installed a High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter (HEPA) to filter the facilitys air and ensure a sterile working environment. According to one company report, better efficiencies and cost saving plans during a year also encouraged the growth of gross operating profits by almost 23%.

Irony in Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Irony in Oedipus the King      Ã‚   When Sophocles wrote Oedipus the King, he knew that his audience would have some idea as to the outcome, his tale being a Greek tragedy which follows a strict form. Not wanting to write a predictable, bland play, Sophocles used this knowledge to his advantage and created various situations in which dramatic irony plays a key role. Dramatic irony is present when the tragic truth is revealed to the audience before it is revealed to the characters within the story. Through this use of irony, Sophocles succeeds in telling a fresh tale. Even though the audience knows how the story will end, they are intrigued by the presence of irony. By crafting irony into his tale, Sophocles gives the reader a desire to see how Oedipus is going to mentally react to the events that are sure to transpire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus is self-confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery.   Because of these traits Oedipus was able to solve the riddle given to him by the Sphinx.   When this riddle was solved he acquired great popularity and power.  Ã‚   He was then challanged into a riddle of his own where he had to find out the truth of his past and the fate of his future.   By solving this riddle he lost all the power and glory, left to be exiled and become a beggar in another land.   If Oedipus had not been so determined to escape and prevent the prophecy by the Oracle, he would not have fulfilled it. Possibly, he was doomed to fulfill the prophecy because he believed he could avoid it. Nevertheless, his fate was sealed by his actions of pride and determination. His pride of conquering the Sphinx led him to the marriage of Jocasta, his mother. Whe... ... truth, whereas when he blinded himself he knew the full truth of what the oracles had said. Sophocles successfully attained his objective in "Oedipus the King" through the use of dramatic irony.   Works Cited and Consulted: Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Ehrenberg, Victor. "Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus." In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O'Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. Available:   http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixednew?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi Yaeger, Werner. "Sophocles' Master of Dramatic Irony." In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.   

Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed: Book Summary Essay

Throughout the second half of this course, we have read many books that highlight and talk about oppression. Each of these books and film shows different types of oppression as well as different outcomes for the oppression. Some of these books and films show that forgiving your oppressor, can be very beneficial and empowering for the oppressed. These stories have been eye-opening to things that I have not read about and shown me lots of different points of view. There are theories that talk about oppression and how it impacts both the oppressor and the oppressed. In the book The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Paulo Freire talks about how he saw oppression in two stages. He talks about the first stage as† the oppressed unveil the world of oppression and through the praxis commit themselves to its transformation† (p. 54). After this transformation, Freire describes the second stage as for how people engage and commit to â€Å"the expulsion of the myths created and developed in the old order† (p. 55). Both of these stages are important to Freire’s theory because later he talks about how both the oppressor as well as the oppressed have a consciousness about both of their roles in oppression. Both groups can see how they fit into the world and how they are looked at by the world as well. They both also see how they not only look at themselves but how they look back at the world. Behaviors like fear, beliefs, and ethics play a huge part in this theory because these behaviors drive the oppressed and the oppressors to look at th e world in the way they do. Freire first talks about what he refers to as â€Å"the oppressor consciousness† and how they are usually have born privilege. This consciousness of this oppression is talked about as the craving of wanting to be in control of things like other people. In this article, I read about this book it talked about the necessity of conquest and there is a part that states,†The oppressor consciousness, Freire pointed out, equates its ‘being’ with ‘having’ – and being in the class of the ‘haves’. It craves to possess and dominate – things, people – indeed, the entire world. And in this unrestrained voracity to have more, it ends us reducing life – plants, animals and even humans – to ‘objects’ that exist for his profit and plunder.†(Freire,2000) This quote reminded me a lot of the book and how Freire talks about â€Å" the oppressor consciousness†. Relating to that quote Freire talk s about how the oppression then talks about how they want to keep those who are oppression isolated from everything else. Then Freire talks about the oppressors manipulating the oppressed to keep their upper hand to maintain control. One other thing that Freire mentions in this book is the cultural invasion and how oppressors convince the oppressed that they have automatic inferiority. Freire then goes on to talk about the â€Å"oppressed consciousness† and how the oppressed are just as aware as the oppressors. Freire talks about how the oppressed seem to fear freedom because they do not know what it would be like for them when their unchangeable reality became changeable. This book really related to the El Che which we discussed earlier in the course and this book had a lot of similarities to Freire and El Che’s way of thinking about oppression. They both wanted to fight oppression but did it in a different way. Freire is a teacher and he feels his part in education is a progressive one. Freire sees a diminishing lower class being kept around an oppressive and privileged class just intrigued by keeping their power. Freire sees this oppression as wrong and he needs to take care of. His way of standing up for what he believes in a positive manner is through his knowledge and education and not by reverting to physical violence. He expresses, † any situation in which some men prevent others from engaging in the process of inquiry is one of violence;†¦to alienate humans from their own decision making is to change them into objects.† Freire states that oppression is deep to the point that the lower class isn’t being recognized as human. In the film, Long Night’s Journey into Day, mothers of sons that were killed by police violence come together to discuss their journey and how they were dealing with oppression. This film was a documentary about seven young men and they had been set up, betrayed and killed by police in Africa. The mothers of these young men who had been wrongfully killed were given the opportunity to meet with Thapelo Mbelo, who was one of the officers that murdered their sons. These mothers sit down and talk about experiences with this oppression and how they dealt with the deaths of their children. This film also had a connection to the last book The Pedagogy of the Oppressed because it talked about the theory of the â€Å"oppressor consciousness†. The officer Mbelo talks about when he shot one of the young men and he says that he saw the young man’s hand in the air, but shot him anyway. This connected to Freier talking about how the oppressor used the excuse of automatic infer iority to use force unnecessarily. One of the mothers spoke about the young man who was shot in the head despite his blatant surrendering. She asks Mbelo many questions with respect to how he feels about the impacts of his action, including seeing himself on video and the compromising his ethics for payment. Mbelo claims that he was not given a choice and was told to make the decisions he made because he was being closely watched by white people that he answered to. After that the following mother talks about how their sons were human and should have been protected by police regardless of what they looked like. The police officers were accomplishing something ghastly which would soon place them in a bad position, yet Mbelo took after their conduct at any means possible. She keeps on getting some information about how his conscious as she asks him question after question. Genuinely and profoundly offended, she describes how her child was dragged with a rope when police were clearing the bodies. She approaches him quest ions that challenge   who now will pay for her grandchildren to go to school, or who provide for his family. The third mother starts by expressing to Mbelo that his face is one that she will always remember, and that she will never forgive him for what he did. She speaks of how while her son was always working for freedom, Mbelo worked for the Boers. It was then that the second mother interrupts and added in that after many times of saying Melo’s first name in hatred, this time saying his name, she remembers that, his name Thapelo, signifies †forgiveness†. This rouses her Christian religion to help her achieve forgiveness for Mbelo. She expresses that her child is now dead and that there is nothing anyone especially Mbelo, can do to bring him back. This mother then states that at the point when Jesus was on the cross, he advised his follower to pardon the individuals who had committed sin. She says that she found it within herself and her religion to forgive him since she needs to dispose of this weight she was conveying inside, and that it is God’s will and testament which matters solely when judgement day comes. She then concludes her doing in the conversation by wishing Mbelo well and she forgave him for his wrongdoings. In the book, A Human Being Died That Night Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela discusses her records and meetings with state-ordered mass killer Eugene De Kock. The book also incorporates stories and meetings from criminals and victims on the two sides of the racial gap. Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela is inspired to visit Eugene De Kock in jail where he is serving 212 years for his crimes after she goes to a PRC trial that really sticks with her. Pumla explains De Kock’s crimes as crimes against humankind and humility and after she meets with him that she starts to think about the meaning of being a human. Pumla starts to express her deeply rooted compassion for the individuals who fell into the brutality of the apartheid government. There is a part in the book when Pumla states that, â€Å" nothing can ever reverse injustices committed against others. But an apology pronounced in the context of horrible acts has the potential for transformation. It clears or ‘settles’ the air in order to begin reconstructing the broken connections between two human beings.†. Pumla talks about how when through the PRC apology and forgiveness happened that there became more conversations between the people who generally would have still been filled and consumed by hate.   Forgiveness is a huge part of A Human Being Died That Night as well as in the nation of South Africa all in all. The Peace and Reconciliation commission give individuals on the two sides of the racial violence the chance to stand up and assume liability for what they have done. In doing as such it offers closure to the individuals who were influenced by the violence and gives them the chance to comprehend and forgive. Pumla is an individual from the Human Rights Violations Committee which is a piece of the Peace and Reconciliation Commission. She has a great understanding of the concept of forgiveness as a great and effective power and the way for individuals to push ahead from extraordinary injustices and human catastrophe. While reading this A Human Died That Night, there was talk and themes about the topic of evil and how there were many meanings and interpretations of the word. Evil is accomplishing something that is significantly unethical. In various societies, beliefs, and cultures it can be interpreted in various ways. In Christianity, there is a strict line draw between what is good and what is evil. In different religions, a particular thing can be good to one person and bad to another, it just depends upon how it is seen. Essentially, nothing is good or evil it just is. In A Human Being Died That Night and Long Night’s Journey into Day evil can be found with regards to prejudice and how most people are able to concur that racism is evil. Harboring hatred towards somebody because of something they can’t control or change isn’t right. The obvious reaction to evil is to get irate and have the need to fight back against the individual or group that conferred the evil act howev er that will not take care of the issue. It is still unknown as to how to react to evil on the grounds that it appears like regardless of how one reacts it will proceed until the point when the culprit acknowledges what they are doing isn’t right. This backpedals to the possibility that individuals see good and evil in various ways. The best way to truly stop evil is to teach the individual or group and challenge   them to look the outcomes of their actions and how it impacts others. It is conceivable to forgive evil on the grounds that in the event that you don’t you will never find a sense of contentment or peace. It is an important thing so you can move on with your life. The film Korengal is about the journey of men who are American soldiers and the journey of their deployment through the â€Å"death valleys†. This film describes through the perspective of the soldiers their emotions and experiences throughout their military experience. In this film, the soldiers were sent to help the oppressed get out of their horrible situation. There was a very faint sense of oppression throughout the whole film. Oppression throughout all of these films and book was very predominant but was more predominant in certain stories. A Human Being Died That Night and Long Night’s Journey into Day let us see that forgiving person who has harmed us or somebody we are close to or that is important to us can influence us to feel powerless and anxious. To forgive that person, you draw on your inward qualities. In Long Night’s Journey into Day the moms draw upon their profound love for their children keeping in mind the end goal to forgive the man who killed them. I think they additionally understand that the loathe or hate they have clutched for such a large number of years does not help them and they have the need to accomplish something so they can find a sense of contentment or peace once more. A comparable thing happens in A Human Being Died That Night. Throughout all of these books and films, there have been great lessons on way oppression happens and some of the ways that we can chang e within ourselves and our communities.

Business Reasearch Method Part 1

Business Research Methods Part I Sara Gonzalez QNT/561 March 19, 2013 Business Research Methods Part I A business organization must make tough decisions when faced with a dilemma. They could be rising costs, employee turnover, or in the case of British Petroleum (BP), safety. The recent explosion, deaths, and environmental impact of the deepwater Horizon oil drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico brought the question of drilling platform safety to the forefront of the news, continuing to do so over two years later. The disaster is one of the more recent events and â€Å"is the largest marine oil spill in history† (Cleveland, 2013).Research Question The dilemma that BP faces is keeping their employees safe while working in an industry known for its immediate danger. Are there warnings in the form of safety incidents that show likelihood that an event similar to the deepwater Horizon could happen again? Research Design A case study, â€Å"also referred to as the case historyâ €  (research text) is used to â€Å"obtain multiple perspectives of a single organization, situation, event, or process at a point in time or over a period of time†. (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 81) The research for this case study will include safety reports from many global oil companies. The purpose for researching many companies is because â€Å"When multiple units are chosen, it is because they offer similar results for predictable reasons† (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 181). It is expected that researching different oil companies will show a common factor in safety incidents leading to catastrophic events. Sample Design A non-probability sample design will be used for collecting data. However, to select effectively a sample design certain questions must be answered.They include, â€Å"What is the target population? What are the parameters of interest? What is the sampling frame? What is the appropriate sampling method? What size sample is needed† (Coop er & Schindler, 2011, Chapter 14, Steps in Sampling Design)? Target Population Our target population will consist of the employees at BP that can provide or have access to statistical data related to our research question. This includes workers who are exposed to the possibility of injury while performing regular day-to-day job duties. Parameters of InterestPopulation parameters will describe the â€Å"variables of interest in the population† (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, Chapter 14, Steps in Sampling Design). These include the sample mean, sample variance, and proportion of safety incidents to incidents resulting in injury. Sample statistics will serve as a â€Å"basis of our inferences of the population† (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, Chapter 14, Steps in Sampling Design). Sampling Frame The sampling frame will be a list of the subjects that make up the population of our sampling design. Characteristics can include age, work experience, and position within BP.Appropriate Sa mpling Method Our sampling design is limited to team member Scott Thrasher’s exposure to BP’s employee population. Again, a non-probability sampling design is the most appropriate method because it does not require the entire affected population at BP and only relies on the subjects who are readily available to him (Crossman, n. d. ). Sample Size At this point we have not established a standard for sample size. It is, however, agreed that a larger sample will provide the most accuracy, precision, and least chance for error (Cooper & Schindler, Chapter 14, Steps in Sampling Design, 2011).References Cleveland, C. J. (2013). Deepwater Horizon Disaster: Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Retrieved from http://www. eoearth. org/article/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill? topic=50364 Cooper, D. R. , & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business Research Methods (11th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Crossman, A. (n. d. ). Types Of Sampling Designs. About. com. Retrieved from http://sociology. about. com/od/Research/a/sampling-designs. htm

You Can See It Coming essays

You Can See It Coming essays If you have ever read John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men I highly recommend reading it a second time. The first time you read this Steinbeck grabs and pulls you into the story with his extensive use of and very complete descriptions of both people and places. The second time you read it you begin to pick up on some of the more intriguing plots within the story. With the death of Candys dog he begins to realize that if he does not begin making plans for his future his fate may end up reflecting he dogs. It doesnt end with that. From this same realization and the conversations that follow foreshadow George killing Lennie himself as opposed to letting Curley find him at the end of the story. Candy is an older man. One who is really getting up there in years. He wont be able to work on the ranch much longer. As Carlson states to Candy, Got no teeth. Hes all still with rheumatism. He aint no good to you, Candy (44). Its not like Candy would really need his teeth to do his job, but he does only have one hand. So when Candy first hears George talking about the stake of land he and Lennie would like to get he chimes in saying, I aint much good with ony one hand. I lost my right hand right here on this ranch (58). Now Candy isnt about to just give up on his dog. He loves his dog and this can be seen as he states, Well-hell! I had him so long. Had him since he was a pup (44). After a few moments of discussion with Carlson and Slim he gives in, allowing Carlson to kill the dog with his Lugar . It didnt take too much convincing from the gentlemen until Candy gave in. What if the same comes of Candy with his job? When the boss decides Candy is too old to work or some younger guy comes looking for a job that will be the end of his employment and he knows it too, I wont have no place to go, an I ca...

Analysis of the Stylistic Features in “Poetry” by Marianne Moore

Analysis of the Stylistic Features in â€Å"Poetry† by Marianne Moore Analysis of the Stylistic Features in ?Poetry? by Marianne Moore ?Poetry?, is one of Marianne Moore?s most famous poems. In it Moore starts out, ?I too, dislike it.? referring to poetry. However, this does not mean that Moore believed in practicing her poetry half-seriously. She simply believed that in order to create great poetry one would enjoy reading the work spiritually and physically. Moore has had several incarnations of the poem ?Poetry?, including one as short as four lines and one as long as thirty-eight lines. The four-line version was so brief that it allowed for a misinterpretation. However, the longer version defines the poem with her famous phrase, ?imaginary garden with real toads in them.? Moore?s poem, ?Poetry?, is a concrete poem in which Moore?s describes how when poetry is to abstract, it becomes ?self-destructive?. This is because the reader has to analyze the poem so much they lose the experience of reading and enjoying it.English: Alexander Blok's poem 'Noch, ulica, fonar...Her poetry is vivid and gives the reader a sense of experiencing the topic with imagery usage, especially when she describes the animals in ?Poetry?. Her contrast between having a poem being genuine and then another being raw makes the poem dramatic and appealing. The majority of her poem talks about what makes a good poem. This has to do with the poets? imaginary ability when writing a poem. Letting their imagination go but at the same time making it seem realistic. Moore?s state?s her idea in a loose style. The sentences are not choppy or right to the point rather they are long and descriptive. Moore?s stanzas are broken up in the middle of sentences and Moore?s third stanza is part of a sentence that doesn?t end till the following paragraph.Moore?s poem, ?Poetry?, is very unique because in it she...

Path to 270 by Ruy Texeira and John Halpin of the pro-Democratic Party Essay

Path to 270 by Ruy Texeira and John Halpin of the pro-Democratic Party organization Center for American Progress - Essay Example Texeria and Haplin conclude that the two forces that are most likely to determine the direction of the 2012 election would be the changing population balance of the U.S electorate, and the objective reality and the voter perception of the economy. The democrats have a constant support from the communities of colour, single, highly educated women, millennial generation voters, secular voters and educated white voters. With this support, the party has grown in strength; however, the republican comprises of the older whiter more rural and evangelical voters. The republicans face a shrinking electorate creating a less serious political landscape of the country (2). Although the democrats have a demographic strength, they still have democratic weaknesses (3). The economic distress facing a larger area of America and the inability of the Obama administration to provide a lasting solution to this predicament have led a large population of the Americans to doubt the leadership of the Obama administration. The Obama administration faces the issue of unemployment, which decreases their chance of getting hold of the presidency for a second term. The opposition party: the republicans have the upper hand in having an electorate that is older conservative and less diverse. The republican vote portrays an even distribution that explains the victory attained in the Rust Belt states and the contested southern states such as Virginia and Florida. The republicans gather support from the white working class voters, the independent voters and men who are against the democrats due to the economy (Texeria & Haplin 4). Obamas’ re-election depends on two strategies: holding onto his 2008 white college graduate support, which could translate to a landslide defeat due to the high proportions of white working class voters. His second option would be to holding his slippage between the two groups, which would give a possible victory

Guerilla marketing technics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Guerilla marketing technics - Essay Example The concept of Trust has widely emerged; however, this has inclined branding associations to becoming a central to competition. Modern contemporary marketing technology has been its focus upon the creation of differentiated brands. Brand image according to Hagel & Armstrong (1997) is seen as a means of aiding a consumer in the categorization of product offerings. It has also been argued that a number of elements of the brand have facilitated consumer's access to brand value as a route to categorization. De Cheratony & Dall' Olmo Riley (1998). Brand comprises meanings drawn from two distinct sources namely brand identity as coined and communicated by the brand engineer and concurrently brand meanings from the consumers point of view. In a nutshell branding could be viewed as the spectrum continuum of consumerisation that begins from the primitive selling focus of a commodity market, until it finally develops into the concept of brands as competition heightens With further intensification of competition, classic branding has emerged as brands have developed personalities. Post-modern marketing brings with it socially constructed brand meanings and increasingly cynical consumers who construct their own brand identities. ... derable evidence that, ontologically speaking, brands exist whatever definition of the brand is developed or chosen, and regardless of whether it is in a physical or virtual environment. Consequently, Trust can be defined as "the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trust or, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party". The rapid development of e-commerce in last decade has envisioned and expanded the trust research in the context of e-commerce. More specifically, researchers found trust very important, especially, in the relationships between consumers and e-vendors (Ratnasingham 1998; Merrilees & Frye 2003). Thus several concepts of consumer's trust in e-commerce have been introduced during the decade (Tan & Thoen 2000-2001; Lee & Turban 2001; McKnight et al. 2002; Gefen et al. 2003; Tan & Sutherland 2004; Kim et al. 2005). According to these formulations and earlier research, three major elements of e-trust can be identified. These are inter-personal, institutional, and dispositional trust. Next, all these three elements are discussed in detail. Interpersonal trust means individual's trust toward another specific party or the trustworthiness of the third party Tan & Sutherland (2004). More specifically, the concept of interpersonal trust in e-commerce stresses consumer's trust toward e-vendor The concept of consumer trust in e-commerce Trust is a widely studied phenomenon across disciplines. Traditionally, researchers in the fields of psychology, sociology, social psychology, economics, and marketing have been interested in trust as an important factor affecting human behavior and relationships between different

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business report - Essay Example The company itself will be analysed with the way they conduct their services under the operation strategy and the basis of their service delivery. When it comes to the delivery of the equipments also the Olympic panels will be looking at the environmental impact of the company providing the logistics. TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Introduction The main purpose of this plan is to look at the specific operational management issues that Olympics had. Furthermore the operational management issues will be analyzed and so will the solutions that UPS provided during the solving of the said issues. UPS being one of the global logistics service providers will also be discussed. In addition the strategy that UPS uses when it comes to logistics especially during the Olympics are of core importance to this paper and the plan the UPS had for Olympics to help sort out the operational management issues. ... This is done in order to look at some of the aspects individually and thus it will be easier to understand the concepts individually thereafter the concept will be linked to the topic in question and this will enhance the analysis being easy and simple. This will mostly be tackled in the first question and after that the next perspective which is UPS will be looked at as a whole then linked with its activities during the Olympics. The theories and arguments will be supported by evidence from books both physical and e-books where possible in cases where the sources need to be quoted. The paragraphs will be split in order to talk about each idea individually for simplicity and clarity. 2.0 Operational Management Operational Management is a major component of management that is mostly concentrates on overseeing, designing and also controlling the procedure when it comes to production and also the scheming and redesigning business processes in the productions of goods and services. Opera tional management involves mostly the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of utilizing few resources that are needed and maximizing effectiveness in relation to attaining the customer requirements. Operational management will also be referred in the same breath as its involvement with managing the steps that will adapt to the inputs like labor and materials and match them with the output in the sense of goods or service. Operational management can also be referred to as Operation strategy. According to Jones and Robinson (2012), operation strategy is usually a plan for managing operations over the long term basis in order to achieve business goals and thus achieve competitive advantage. Their definition

Philosophers Matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Philosophers Matrix - Essay Example Through education, the individual is able to develop skills that enable him to be able to modify the environment he is in, in order to suit his demands. Therefore according to this theorist, through learning, the learner is able to acquire new behavior through the process of conditioning. Bode came up with the theory of cognitivism and he considered the patterns of learning as being a critical feature that led to change of behavior among individuals. He saw the memory system as being an active system that was organized in order to be able to process information. The knowledge processed played a vital role in learning. According to this theorist, learning is brain based and the ability for the brain to be able to differentiate between the wrong and right enables them to learn faster. This explains why in the learning institution we have students who tend to understand faster than the others. Rules and general principles that will guide the process are formulated by the learner. This enables the learner to become vital in the practical world real context. Learners are introduced to culture by more skilled members. The teacher acts as the facilitator who gives guidelines to be followed by the students and they are allowed to consult where they get stuck. The teacher encourages the learners to discover principles and new skills for themselves. It is through the skills that they are able to construct knowledge and solve the daily realistic problems. Transformative learning theorists argue that it is through the process of constructing and appropriating new ideas that one can understand the meaning and experience of the world (Ileris 82). One can only effect change through the process of reference as it is through such frame that we are able to define the views of the world. The fact that teachers are likely to insist on the idea of learning new skills, learners engage themselves more in classroom

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Law of Evidence - Essay Example Civilcases, on theotherhand, havethegeneralprinciple of, ‘hewhoasserts must prove.’ Itrefers to theability of theburden to changeposition based on who is trying to ascertainthefact. Notably, there are certainenactedlaws that governandestablishtheapportionment of theburden of proof. Theseincludethe ‘Human Rights Act 1998’ andthe ‘Strasbourg case-law.’ Whilst in theburden of proofthere is thepossibility to applyrules of evidence that relate to bothcriminalandcivilcases, thestandard of proof relies on dissection of the two. It is specific to rulesbeingapplied with reference to thenature of thecase; that is whetherit is criminalorcivil. Theburden of outliningtheguilt of thedefendant is theobligation of theprosecution. This is to say, theparticulars that led to thecasebeingput into trial must be welloutlinedandestablished. Thejury should onlypassconviction in theeventthatthey are certainthattheevidence that has beenprovidedsufficientlyprovestheguilt of thedefendant. Guiltorinnocence should not be determined byanyotherprovisionsother than thosebrought forward by theprosecution. It is only from thoseprovisions that a clearcutdecisionand one that is free from bias can be made. In coming to theconclusion on which side is obligated to prove a certainfact, thecourt has to offer its judgement on the phrasing of thestatutoryallotments. Theseprovisions will guidethewayforwardforthecourt to ensurethattheside that emerges victorious has a case that can holdwater before a jury. Nonetheless, ifindeedthe evidential burdenrequirementhadalreadybeentaken into consideration, theprosecution’s side should proceed with easeifthisburdenfalls upon them. Ifstatutoryallotmentsare not taken into considerationwhilemakingthisdecision, it is more than likelythattheentirecase will be crippled at a setpoint. Thecourt can rely on evidence that is indirect in caseswheretheevidenceways in heavily on

Identifying Cash Flow problems and planning for solutions Assignment

Identifying Cash Flow problems and planning for solutions - Assignment Example Of the total sales of $208,000 in January, $20,800 was cash sales, and another $20,280, net of commission was from credit card sales, making a total of $41,080 collectible in the month of sales, namely January. Of the remaining $166,400, $55,470 is collectible in each of the following three months, namely February, March and April. Thus the total collections for the month of April against the sales of $208,000 are only $41,470. The expenses during the month of January are $187,070, of which $103,740 is against variable costs and $83,330 are fixed costs. Consequently, there is a shortfall of $145,990 in the month of January. Similarly, there are shortfalls in the cash flows for the months of February and March to the tune of $106,490 and $46,530 respectively. The cash flow turns positive from April onwards showing that this is a temporary problem, as the cash collections from previous months will compensate for the delays in the subsequent months. However, such situations can recur in future if there is a sudden growth or dip in sales during a particular period. It is obvious, from the above analysis, that the problem arises because of the delay in cash collections. There are several approaches that can be used to tackle this problem. Some of the possible measures that can be taken include taking deposits, offering discounts for prompt payments, and factoring receivables (Katz & Green, 2009, p. 464). In the case of Bulltuff, the most appropriate among these seems to be to offer a discount for early payment. Taking deposits may not be a viable alternative as all customers (dealers) may not agree to it. It cannot be implemented selectively on only a few willing customers. Factoring receivables is likely to be costly. Consequently, offering discounts for early payments appears to be the most workable solution. The company could also simultaneously consider steps to delay the cash outflows

Philosophers Matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Philosophers Matrix - Essay Example Through education, the individual is able to develop skills that enable him to be able to modify the environment he is in, in order to suit his demands. Therefore according to this theorist, through learning, the learner is able to acquire new behavior through the process of conditioning. Bode came up with the theory of cognitivism and he considered the patterns of learning as being a critical feature that led to change of behavior among individuals. He saw the memory system as being an active system that was organized in order to be able to process information. The knowledge processed played a vital role in learning. According to this theorist, learning is brain based and the ability for the brain to be able to differentiate between the wrong and right enables them to learn faster. This explains why in the learning institution we have students who tend to understand faster than the others. Rules and general principles that will guide the process are formulated by the learner. This enables the learner to become vital in the practical world real context. Learners are introduced to culture by more skilled members. The teacher acts as the facilitator who gives guidelines to be followed by the students and they are allowed to consult where they get stuck. The teacher encourages the learners to discover principles and new skills for themselves. It is through the skills that they are able to construct knowledge and solve the daily realistic problems. Transformative learning theorists argue that it is through the process of constructing and appropriating new ideas that one can understand the meaning and experience of the world (Ileris 82). One can only effect change through the process of reference as it is through such frame that we are able to define the views of the world. The fact that teachers are likely to insist on the idea of learning new skills, learners engage themselves more in classroom

Identifying Cash Flow problems and planning for solutions Assignment

Identifying Cash Flow problems and planning for solutions - Assignment Example Of the total sales of $208,000 in January, $20,800 was cash sales, and another $20,280, net of commission was from credit card sales, making a total of $41,080 collectible in the month of sales, namely January. Of the remaining $166,400, $55,470 is collectible in each of the following three months, namely February, March and April. Thus the total collections for the month of April against the sales of $208,000 are only $41,470. The expenses during the month of January are $187,070, of which $103,740 is against variable costs and $83,330 are fixed costs. Consequently, there is a shortfall of $145,990 in the month of January. Similarly, there are shortfalls in the cash flows for the months of February and March to the tune of $106,490 and $46,530 respectively. The cash flow turns positive from April onwards showing that this is a temporary problem, as the cash collections from previous months will compensate for the delays in the subsequent months. However, such situations can recur in future if there is a sudden growth or dip in sales during a particular period. It is obvious, from the above analysis, that the problem arises because of the delay in cash collections. There are several approaches that can be used to tackle this problem. Some of the possible measures that can be taken include taking deposits, offering discounts for prompt payments, and factoring receivables (Katz & Green, 2009, p. 464). In the case of Bulltuff, the most appropriate among these seems to be to offer a discount for early payment. Taking deposits may not be a viable alternative as all customers (dealers) may not agree to it. It cannot be implemented selectively on only a few willing customers. Factoring receivables is likely to be costly. Consequently, offering discounts for early payments appears to be the most workable solution. The company could also simultaneously consider steps to delay the cash outflows

Hunting and animals Essay Example for Free

Hunting and animals Essay Charles Dickens once said, â€Å"There is a passion for hunting something deeply implanted in the human breast. † I agree with this quote. Hunting is very exciting and fun. However, many disagree with me. No one rides the fence though. You either think that hunting is good or that hunting is bad. What do you believe? Do you think hunting is positive or negative? I believe hunting is good because it helps feed those in need, it helps control the population of wild animals, and it helps farmers who may have animals on their land they want to get rid of. A lot of people look at hunting and think of all the gruesome things we are going to do to Bambi. They never stop to think about what the hunter is doing with the game. Hunters aren’t just killing animals for fun, they use the meat to either eat or donate it. Several hunters give their game to people in need. They donate their meat to homeless shelters or food banks for less fortunate people that might not be able to afford to put enough food on the table. That way the people in need will be able to have a little bit extra on their plate. Hunting also helps control the population of wild animals. You can only hunt during a certain period of time during the year so that the animals are able to reproduce and won’t become extinct. You are also limited to the amount of game you can get. That way it won’t become a chaotic free-for-all and protects the animals from being wiped out. However, if hunting wasn’t legal, the population of wild animals would skyrocket. This would cause a boost in the already high number of car crashes due to animals, such as deer standing in the middle of the road. According to State Farm, an estimated 1. 5 million vehicles collide with deer in the United States. This caused over $1. 1 billion in property damage. These crashes also caused several injuries and deaths. Hunters must also pay to get their hunting license. The money they spend for their licenses go back to the conservation of the environment. Finally, hunting also gets rid of unwanted pests. Several animals annoy farmers and other land owners by messing with the farmer’s crops. Animals will go through the fields and eat the crops that the farmers can go out of business because the crops aren’t plentiful or good enough. For this reason we need hunters because farmers wouldn’t be able to succeed and all of us would suffer because the less crops coming into the stores, the more money the stores are going to ask for the customers to pay for the product. So actually vegetarians depend on hunters. Most vegetarians buy their vegetables from local stores. Hunters get rid of the animals that would ruin the food vegetarians would buy. Many people think hunting is wrong simply because they don’t look at the benefits that come with hunting. Hunting has many benefits including feeding others, controlling wildlife population, and helping farmers get rid of unwanted pests. For most hunters, the reward isn’t killing animals, it’s knowing they helped people that may not be able to survive or succeed without them. That’s what boosts my passion to hunt.

A Nutrition Health And Wellness Company Management Essay

A Nutrition Health And Wellness Company Management Essay Nestle is a nutrition, health and wellness company which was formed by the merger of Anglo-Swiss milk company and Farine Lactee Henri Nestle. Currently, this multinational Swiss company which operates in 86 countries with 443 factories globally has the largest revenue compared to other food companies. Nestle has approximately 8000 brands which consist of a widespread of products including coffee, confectionery items, instant noodles and many more. Sales at the end of 2011 were CHF 83642 million with a net profit of CHF 9804 million. Nestle has formed several joint ventures such as forming the Beverage Partners Worldwide  with  The Coca-Cola Company. Management structure Being a decentralized organization, Nestles operating decisions involving pricing, distribution, marketing, human resources and so on are made by local units. At the same time, Nestle is organised into seven worldwide strategic business units (SBU) which are responsible for high-level strategic decisions and business development. One SBU would focus on coffee and another on ice cream. These units focus in overall strategic development which includes acquisitions and market entry strategy. Nestle uses local managers in uniting worldwide operations, as well as managers who work overseas. Lastly, Nestle used management development programmes as a strategic tool to create one spirit among managers. The Research and Development comprises 18 groups which operate in 11 countries. Nestle spends approximately RM30 million annually on RD and has over 3000 employees involved in this function. Contents Planning Mission Nestle is a people-oriented system, which means that they believe in people rather than systems. Moving on, Nestle holds strong to the commitment of creating value for their shareholders. Nestle also strives to decentralize wherever possible to develop relevant products to meet specific needs of different cultures. Last but not least, the company is committed to continuous improvement rather than one off changes. SMART Goals and Objectives Nestles primary objectives are to be recognized as the world leader in nutrition, health and wellness, trusted by all its stakeholders and to be the reference for financial performance in its industry. To accelerate the achievements of these objectives, Nestle has provided a set of strategic priorities, which are to create shared value for both the shareholders and the society while being successful in the long term, implement the Nestle culture, values and principles in managing the company, and create sustainable plans that complies with the law. These goals are specifically stated, measurable in terms of the annual revenue compared with other companies, attainable as Nestle is to date still leading in the nutrition industry and relevant as there are over 283,000 employees worldwide operating Nestle Global. Lastly, the time-bound aspect only applies to objectives of various projects in Nestle such as The Nescafe Plan which aims to invest CHF 500 million in coffee projects by 2020. Action plans (strategies) Nestles strategy was to enter the market much earlier than competitors, and narrow down the initial market focus to a few strategic brands which consisted of basic food items like infant milk powder, noodles, etc. Such an approach concentrated its marketing resources and managerial efforts on a limited number of key niches. Thus a strong market position was built in each niche product. By doing so, Nestle conquered 85% of the market for instant coffee in Mexico, 66% of the market for powdered milk in the Philippines, and 70% for soups in Chile. The company then progressed to introducing mire upscale products into the market. The second strategy Nestle uses to penetrate emerging markets is through customization instead of globalization. Nestle owns as many as up 8500 brands, but only over 800 are made available in more than one country, which means Nestle ensures that only products with ingredients which suit the local conditions are made available to that particular country. Other than that, the growth of Nestle is also contributed by several strategic initiatives such as the creation of Nestle Health Science, formation of two major partnerships in China, investments in different country and acquisitions of other companies one of the most critical factors which led to the companys growth. S.W.O.T Analysis Strengths Nestle able to leverage strong brand name to generate sales, able to customize products to the local market conditions, has research and development capabilities. Weaknesses Nestle is introducing too many products too quickly may affect the brands value. Opportunities Nestle now focuses on developing economies worldwide. Threats Nestle had been allegedly charged of unethical business activities, such as indirectly supporting child trafficking. Organizing Nestle is a decentralized and aligned organisation which shows an organic design instead of mechanistic. As Nestle is a multinational company which operates in more than 80 countries and employs more than 328,000 employees, it is impossible for the Headquarters in Switzerland to keep track of all the departments performances across the globe. Thus explains why decentralised power has been brought down to lower level employees. This means that Nestle encourages lower-level managers to provide input or make decisions in the company. Nestles organization designs are flexible for employees as they are not subjected to a high number of rules as well as high direct supervision from the top management. Besides, time saving as decision making can be done quickly without seeking permission from the higher authorities. Other than that, highly adaptive to the competitive and unpredictable external environment. Nestles organizational structure is hierarchical, meaning there is a chain of command that extends from the upper management to the lower management and clarifies who reports to whom. Orders are given by the upper management to the lower while suggestions are given by the lower to the upper. This structure encourages employees to share new ideas. Formalization Jobs at Nestle are formalised as there are specific job descriptions, many organisational rules and defined work procedures. Nevertheless, Nestle constantly keep a pace with the changing external environment while adapting to the changes.Therefore the organisation is strict but not rigid. Functional Departmentalisation At Nestle, tasks are divided into separate jobs and then grouped under different departments. Each department is managed by a manager who specialises in that particular field. For example employees whose specialisation is in psychology or sociology would work in the human resources department with a HR manager in charged. Leading At Nestle, managers aim to be leaders who not only lead but inspires their employees to gear towards results which would in turn add value to the company. Thus, Nestle leaders are required to understand and practice the following concepts. First, each leader leads to win. A leader is expected to display exemplary leadership and achievements as well as innovation in thinking and be willing to take risks. Second, leaders must manage for results. They must be courageous in facing problems and give proactive cooperation to create synergies among employees and themselves. Third, a leader should help employees discover and use their talents. Lastly, leaders should continuously look for ways to satisfy customers and engage with external parties such as the stakeholders, community, authorities and so on. Besides that, Nestle motivates their employees by giving rewards and benefits. Those awards included Long-service Awards, Passion to Win awards and Nestle Idea Award. These awards are specialized to recognize employees. For example, rewards are awarded to employees who have been the company for more than 30 years, achieved targets or came up with relevant and innovative ideas. Nestles philosophy is to provide and maintain disciplined compensation programs which value long-term relationships with employees while recognizing individual performance. Nestle is also  committed to offering compensation packages, including base pay, short and long-term incentives and  benefits such as the Children Education Assistance Scheme. Communication is also important. Nestles management has worked honestly in dealing with people for  efficient communication. Transparency through sincere dialogue is the only basis for boosting continuous improvement in any aspects. Every employee has the right to converse with superiors or  colleagues. This motivates supervisors and employees to exchange opinions while influencing each other to complete a task. Furthermore, there will be no room for intolerance, harassment or discrimination of any kind  or lack of respect. This  principle has no exception and is to be applied at  all levels and under all circumstances in the company. Controlling Quality control One of the successes behind this company is the high quality sustained by the company over the years. Nestles product quality gives confidence to the customers and consumers in buying Nestle products and brands throughout the years. Nestle measures the performance and satisfaction by listening to customers feedbacks. When mistakes and shortcomings are analyzed, prompt action will be taken for correction and improvement. Besides, understanding customer needs and meeting the satisfaction of the customer leads to the high quality of the products. Adequate resources, equipments, procedures and systems are provided to sustain the high quality of the product. The company never compromises on food safety and always complies with all applicable regulatory requirements. Nestle strive for zero defect and no wastage when it comes to quality. They focus on zero defects while seeking opportunities for continuous improvement of quality standards delivered to the customers and consumers. Cost control Nestle sources their agricultural raw materials directly from farmers, thus reducing the cost of production. The raw materials that they obtain from the farmers are required to meet the quality and safety standard which has been set by Nestle. Nestle reduces the consumption of water by reusing the fresh water and treated water which is eco-friendly to the environment. This in turns reduces costs of the company. Workforce control Workplace is also crucial for the employee to perform their tasks at the optimum level. Nestle encourages their employees to further improve themselves in terms of professional skills and knowledge in all levels of organization through training provided by the company. It treats its labourers and employees with respect and dignity by providing reasonable yet competitive pays, bonuses, overtime pays and other benefits. Overtime is given until an extent where it is reasonable and complies with local laws and regulations. Key Success Factors of Nestle Quality Nestles success would not happen without excellent quality control of their products. For example, Nestle follows the specific steps of a milk collection system, which shows how dairy products are made and brought to the consumers table from the initial stages in the farm. Nestle also strives for zero error and continuously improve towards better quality to satisfy customers needs. Research and Development At Nestle, RD is a key competitive advantage which positioned Nestle as a world leader. In fact, Nestle has the largest  RD network than any food company in the world. Every year, Nestle invests about __% of their revenue in RD. At each stage of the product development process, Nestle further strengthens its  RD  capability through Innovation Partnerships to come up with more innovative ideas which can further improve the existing products. Innovation Nestle continuously tries to improve their existing products with more innovative ideas. For example, dry pet food (Purina Petcare) now comes with a side opening and a side-carrying handle to give more convenience to customers who are pet owners. Product Variation Nestle has more than 8000 brands which consists of various product categories such as dairy products, coffee, cereal, instant noodles and many more. This gives customers a wide range of choice to choose from thus attracting more customers. Packaging At Nestle, products and packed in a way to suit the needs of different people. For example, cereal like Coco Crunch is available in big boxes for families and smaller boxes for little children to bring to school. Nestle also uses their packaging to market their products and attract customers. For example, Milo packaging displays pictures of young athletes in order to give the youngsters the mindset that drinking Milo gives extraordinary energy and performance to them. Major Challenges Nestle May Face In The Future With the rise of sicknesses and diseases in this world, people are becoming more health conscious. Nestle, which claims to be a wellness and nutrition company must decide whether they want to take the risk by modifying products such as Maggi instant noodles by substituting MSG with organic ingredients. Secondly, Nestle will face the challenge of maintaining its position as the world leader in the food and nutrition industry. This is due to the possibility of incoming new competitors in the market. New companies which sell organic products at lower prices may be a great threat to Nestle. Besides that, as Nestle introduces more and more products, maintaining the quality of the production would be more difficult. Nestle would require better technology as well as employ more skillful and knowledgeable employees which could be a challenge as hiring good manpower requires money and time. Global warming and other environmental issues are worsening each year. Industries of any kind are expected to work towards green technology in order to sustain the environment. Currently, Nestle is slowly growing towards this aspect. However, in the future, Nestle needs to decide whether they want to invest even more in technology in this area.

Acatalasia :: essays research papers

Acatalasia Several rare electrophoretic variants of red cell catalase were identified by Baur (1963). Nance et al. (1968) also described electrophoretic variants. Data on gene frequencies of allelic variants were tabulated by Roychoudhury and Nei (1988). Wieacker et al. (1980) assigned a gene for catalase to 11p by study of man-mouse cell hybrid clones. In the hybrid cells, detection of human catalase was precluded by the complexity of the electrophoretic patterns resulting from interference by a catalase-modifying enzyme activity. Therefore, a specific antihuman antibody was used in conjunction with electrophoresis. In mouse, catalase is not syntenic to the beta-globin cluster or to LDH-A. Junien et al. (1980) investigated catalase gene dosage effects in a case of 11p13 deletion, a case of trisomy of all of 11p except 11p13, and a case of trisomy 11p13. The results were consistent with assignment of the catalase locus to 11p13 and its linkage with the WAGR complex (194070). Assay of catalase activity should be useful in identifying those cases of presumed new mutation aniridia that have a risk of Wilms tumor or gonadoblastoma, even in the absence of visible chromosomal deletion. In karyotypically normal patients with aniridia, Wilms tumor, or the combination of the two, Ferrell and Riccardi (1981) found normal catalase levels. Niikawa et al. (1982) confirmed the close linkage of catalase to the gene of the WAGR complex by demonstrating low levels of catalase activity in the erythrocytes of 2 unrelated patients with the WAGR syndrome and small deletions in 11p. From the study of dosage in 2 unrelated patients with an interstitial deletion involving 11p13, Narahara et al. (1984) concluded that both the catalase locus and the WAGR locus are situated in the chromosome segment 11p1306-p1305, with catalase distal to WAGR. Boyd et al. (1986) described a catalase RFLP with 2 different enzymes and used these polymorphisms to exclude deletion of the catalase gene in patients with sporadic aniridia, including one who was known to have a deletion and another suspected of having a deletion. Mannens et al. (1987) found deletion of the catalase locus in 6 of 9 patients with aniridia (AN2; 106210). One of these catalase-defic ient aniridia patients had a normal karyotype. No catalase deletion could be demonstrated in 7 Wilms tumors. By classic linkage studies using RFLPs of the several genes as markers, Kittur et al. (1985) derived the following sequence of loci: cen-CAT--16 cM-CALC--8 cM-PTH-pter, with the interval between CAT and PTH estimated at 26 cM.

Exemplification Essay: Mixing of Religion and the State -- Exploratory

   We have based the very existence of our country on the belief that complete separation of church and state is best for the church and is best for the state. However, throughout history the roles between religion and American public life remain interwoven and continue to shape our beliefs and values. In order to begin to understand the role of religion in American public life, one must first recognize that religion is present in many aspects of one's life. Even though the United States' Constitution provides for separation of religion and government, most aspects of government include religion as a basis for its operating procedures. The U.S. Senate and House of Representatives begin each session with prayer. Another example of the presence of religion occurs at the Colorado State Capital, as well as in other state capitals. Some members of both houses think that praying within government agencies is wrong. There are many Senators and Representatives who wait outside for the prayer to be over before entering the room. Some members have even tried to prevent priests, ministers and rabbis from coming into the House to give the prayer (Associated Press). In some regions it is difficult for the government to know when to celebrate religion during the holidays since many holiday scenes revolve around a religious message. In the past, some government officials have been asked not to display holiday scenes on public property, but have been encouraged to place non-religious signs in the area instead. Religious critics believe having a religious message at a government place could be a violation to the First Amendment (Leaming). Another example of how religion is interwoven with public life occurred when a group of Fellow... ...ers In The Hands Of An Angry God." Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1989. Leaming, Jeremy. "How and When Government can Celebrate Religion." Freedom Forum [online], Available: http://www.freedomforum.org/religion/1998/12/14nativityfeature.asp, January 28, 2001. "Secretary's Statement on Religious Expression." Department of Education[online], Available: http://www.ed.gov/Speeches/08-1995/religion.html, January 29, 2001. "Statement of Principles." Statements of Principles [online], Available: http://www.fac.org/publicat/principles/princip.htm, January 30, 2001. The Associated Press. "Legislators: Prayers at State Capitol Inappropriate." The Daily Sentinel, January 23, 2001. The Golden Treasury of Poetry. Hemans, Felicia. "Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers." New York, New York: Western Publishing Inc., 1959.   

Revisiting Recommendations of the Marketing Plan

The key focuses of the marketing plan are as follows: Cooperative Marketing: Techniques to create additional market awareness for two companies in one ad campaign. Offering discounts to the partners customer on the GGI products Advertising on Internet: Ads can be put on other companies’ websites, as well, in the form of banners and other â€Å"clickable† type links routing potential customers to our website. Another idea in the marketing plans talks of merging the two points mentioned. We can look at different internet sites for cities and towns, such as their respective Chamber of Commerce and other such sites where new residents, who are looking to furbish their homes, might look to for ideas of where to shop and what products to buy. The companies already respected and listed in the Chamber would be suitable for internet cooperative marketing ad campaigns. Collaborating with Dealers and Distributors : Dealers and/or independent distributors of our products could be allotted a budget to advertise based on a percentage of their net profits for the last year Measuring the effectiveness of the Marketing Plan Jaworski in his definition of marketing control states the Monitoring performance provides one informational means to help planned marketing activities produce desired results (Jaworski 1988, p.24). Control theory assumes that management has a strategy and a known set of intermediary stages (plans) with which actual performance can be compared. Metrics selection is a key process by which marketing managers can learn to improve performance by adjusting the utility levels associated with marketing. Say, if a company realizes that the performance in one of the marketing channel is not leading to the desired results they can look at realigning their strategy and look at a possibility of investing more in the other marketing avenues. Philip Kotler lists four types of marketing controls (table 22.1, p.685): annual-plan, profitability, efficiency and strategic. These distinguish whether the company is selecting the right goals (strategic), whether they are being achieved (effectiveness or annual-plan), where the company is making or losing money (profitability) and the return on marketing expenditure (efficiency). (Kotler 2003 pg 685) In the current landscape the most important for GGI is to expand its base and derive maximum mileage on minimum investment. The challenge is finding maximum share of voice in the cooperative marketing and raise Profit/Profitability Sales, Value and/or Volume Gross Margin Awareness Market Share (Volume or Value) Number of Consumer Complaints (Level of dissatisfaction) Consumer Satisfaction Distribution/Availability Total Number of Customers Marketing Spend Perceived Quality/esteem Loyalty/Retention TO achieve this, the following metrics are suggested for GGI The metrics for each marketing channel at a primary level should measure the efficiency of each channel i.e. the ROI on each channel as a whole, be it collaborative marketing or marketing through internet each channel has a role to play in the marketing strategy and that needs to be tracked. Share of wallet in case of distributor’s can be a good tool to be measured here. Each element of the channel needs to be measured on the following items: Consumer Attitudes consisting of Awareness, perceived quality, Satisfaction, relevance, image/personality, perceived differentiation, Consumer Behavior measuring Total number of customers, Number of new customers, reference customers and Loyalty Accounting would include sales, gross and net margins, profitability In case of GGI the stated metrics can be applied on the marketing channels like web marketing, cooperative marketing can be evaluated on the ROI. If the ROI of any channel is not satisfactory then the reasons can be explored from the metrics mentioned in point two (for each element). Perhaps one or more elements are not performing as expected. A remedial measure of finding a suitable element can be done. For example if the returns on the Cooperative marketing are not up to the mark we can view the performance of the elements. If they show inconsistency in data i.e. performance of some elements is satisfactory and others is not then we need to look at switching the partners chosen for cooperative marketing. On the other hand if all the elements reflect a poor quality then the channel strategy needs to be re-looked at. Improving on Metrics To improve on the metrics GGI needs to take the individual cases. For Web marketing the company needs to consider the different pricing model for putting up the banners at different websites. These models can be pay per click, fixed time banner, output based banners. The company can also look at Search Engine Optimization, Viral marketing as an extension to the Web marketing For Cooperative marketing the choice of channels would be the instrumental. Also improving on the share of voice in the common advertisement is importance.   The choice of partner is very critical. The partner should preferable be a complimentary or a reseller of similar products. But the channel dynamics become critical in these cases. References Jaworski, Bernard J. (1988), â€Å"Toward a Theory of Marketing Control: Environmental Context, Control Types, and Consequences†, Journal of Marketing, Vol.52, No.3, pp.23-39 Kotler, Philip (2003), Marketing Management, (11th edition), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall   

Culture and Care Value Base Essay

In this assignment I am going to examine and explain my own personal values and principles influence my own work in professional practice. I will compare my principles and values with the Northern Ireland Social Care Council codes of practice and the Care Value Base. The NISCC and the Care Value Base have many similar codes of practice which all health and social care practitioners should adhere by and work with. The values I feel that are relevant within my experience of healthcare and within my current placement are confidentiality, dignity and respect, effective communication, anti-discriminatory practice and culture and beliefs. In researching NISCC codes of practice and the Care Value Base, I have found that their values are also similar to my own values within my care practice. The first value I am going to discuss is confidentiality. According to the Care Value Base maintaining confidentiality of information is an important part of caring. Any information clients give is private and confidential. Individuals need to be aware of what they say to other carers and clients and also who have access to client files. Previously undergoing work experience in the stroke ward I found that all patients’ medical information is on a clipboard on the front of their bed, anyone could read this information, I feel the patient’s confidentiality is  being breached. During my work placement at Ceara School, I observed that each pupil has individual care folders within school; these are kept in a secure filling cabinet and only the members of staff who are looking after a particular pupil is allowed access, I feel this is very good practice to uphold confidentiality. Within my placement I feel my values would be similar to the Care Value base, if a service user informed me of private information I would keep it to myself to build trust and confidence unless the individual or others were at harm. The second value that I feel is most important and relevant to my experience and work placement is effective communication. According to NISCC, one of their codes of practice is to communication in an appropriate, open, accurate and straightforward way. Within my work placement you have to have recognition and respect of the pupil’s opinions and ideas so they gain confidence within you and be more comfortable to talk. You also have to talk respectfully and use a lot of humor and creativity to keep them interested. On a regular basis there are group conversations and also one to one conversations, simple language is used that is easily understood and additionally open questions are applied to develop the conversation. With having previous work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital I have learnt the importance of communication. Many doctors used jargonistic terms, which can be very hard for patients to understand, I consider this to be ineffective communication. I feel my values are comparable to those of the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I think that my value of communication within my work placement will come across positively. While in placement I make the speaker feel heard and understood, I make sure to create an environment where pupils feel safe to express ideas opinions and feelings. I keep suitable eye contact and show interest in what is being said and sure my posture is open and inviting. The Care Value Base deems that it is important to acknowledge an individuals personal beliefs and identity. The NISCC feel that respective diversity and different cultures and values are very significant and can have extensive affects on a persons care. I went to an integrated secondary school with many cultures and religions. I took part in a multi-cultural day in school, I got to see other communities and cultures and what they believed in, this widened my views and changed my opinions of different religions. While in Craigavon Area Hospital completing work experience I learned that meals and meal times were very important in some religions and culture. Some individuals were vegetarian; I had to be very respectable of their culture and identity. They were supplied with a different menu with different foods that they could choose this promotes the right of choice and independence. Before my work placement commenced I hoped that the employees and pupils had the same value as myself in consideration of different cultures and are open to express their beliefs and identity and be proud of who they are. My next value is extremely important in my care practice and that is upheld by NISCC and the Care Value Base is anti-discriminatory practice. Anti-discriminatory practice is action to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender and disability. Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discriminatory policies in different situations of work. http://uk.ask.com/question/what-is-the-definition-of-anti-discriminatory-practice The Care Value Base describes one of their values by promoting anti-discriminatory practice and to protect the individual from abuse. There are many pieces of legislation that are in place to protect individuals from discrimination including the Disability Act 1995, Human Rights Act,  Equality Act 2010 and the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995. In my work placement I will work in an anti-discriminatory way, I will not discriminate or judge the service users on their gender, race, class or disability. I believe everyone is different and we all have rights set in place to prevent us from being discriminated against. While undertaking work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital, disabled individuals were protected from discriminatory practice, there were lifts and ramps so all wheel chairs could access the building. There were wide and automatic doors so wheel chairs could get through them with no difficulty, although I feel this is very good practice there was also bad practice within the hospital. I consider individuals with different religions and languages were discriminated against. There were no interpreters for different languages therefore the patients didn’t know what had happened or what was about to happen. I feel my values hinder those of the Care Value Base and I imagine my values will come across positively within my work placement. I feel my personal culture and experience has influenced me in many different ways in supporting users of services and others in health and social care settings. My parents have taught me from a young age to say please and thank you and to be respectful to others. I have grown up knowing these simple values and therefore it has influenced me to show dignity and respect to all service users. Although I am of a Catholic background and practice the Catholic faith, I went to an integrated primary school and secondary school with many different religions and cultures. I now have an understanding of other cultures within health and socials care settings and I am able to accept other religions and their beliefs. I believe this have had a positive influence on my personal culture and experience. When I was in primary school, I met my best friend, he was homosexual. My parents were quite weary of this as they didn’t like the way he dressed and  acted. They came to the terms of his sexual orientation and accepted him; because I have had the privilege of meeting him it has allowed me to open my eyes to all sexual ordinations. When working and supporting users of health and social care service I wouldn’t mind what sexual ordination the service user was, I would not discriminate against them. I would promote and uphold my values to protect them from harm. From experience I know many people have been discriminated on because of their gender. Some individuals will not be chosen for a particular job because they are male/female. Service users are also judged on their sexual ordinations, recently in the news according to Poots, Northern Irelands Health Minister he said that all gay men are not allowed to give blood. I feel this sexual ordination is being discriminated against, it is very bad practice and defeats the purpose of legislation created to protect individuals from this happening. I will promote and uphold my values to protect individuals from being discriminated against. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15014823 I think a pedophile and a murder would cause a barrier in the care setting I am working in. I have grown up knowing that they are bad from family, friends and the media. This may affect and hinder my work but as I am now aware of this negative point I need to work on this barrier. I can not make an assumption until I work and understand them, until then, I will try not to judge this group. New developments and changes to personal values can have a major impact on working in the Health and Social Care sector. Firstly a new development of mine is starting a new course; I have met new people and got to know them. Working in different practices can impact work in a care setting, partnership can be developed and new skills can be gained. I have started a new placement in Ceara School, I am very excited to see if it is the right area of health and social care I want to do further studying in. I feel this experience can be very education and rewarding. This experience will help me in my future and will give me a good start. I can now see that it is the first time I have looking at my values thoroughly and reflected on them, I  will challenge my values to become a better professional. I feel guest speakers were a new development of mine, they give me an insight into their organisation, and they also give me information on how I could get work experience. New developments and changes to my personal values can benefit the service user. I could reflect more in action rather than later, use communication more effectively and user my initiative in different situations. To conclude I believe that personal values is very significant in influencing my own work in the health and social care sector. I have found that my values are similar to the values of the Care Value Base and the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I have found that there is legislation to protect individuals from unconfidentiality and anti-discriminatory practice also to promote dignity and respect, effective communication and culture and beliefs. I have also explored my new developments and what changes I could make to my personal values to create more effective and efficient care.

A Balanced Scorecard Model For Project Management Information Technology Essay

A Balanced Scorecard Model For Project Management Information Technology Essay For a long time organizations are have been trying to use performance measurement methods in their system due to the fact that most time of managers is consumed by gathering, controlling, analyzing or reporting out data. Over time, it has been recognized that a valid performance measurement system can help organization to define its expectations and priorities, set strategies with goals and finally planning and decision making. Project Management Office, managers, program managers and project managers, as well as other organizations can use performance measurement benefits to evaluate project team performance, process effectiveness, client perception, resource management and leveling in a single or multiple project organization. By adding performance measurement to the project managers’ skills, they can accurately evaluate project performance against the mission and vision of organizations. Moreover, it helps project managers to find and assess risks and determine the value l evel creating for stakeholders. These papers will focus the issues of the performance of a project, and integrity of performance measurement and project management. The research objectives for this research study are identifying performance metrics for project management integrated to balances scorecard system; development of a balanced scorecard system with perspectives of project management; studying of use of created balanced scorecard system to evaluate projects. Any previous work in the area of project and project management, and performance measurement will be illustrated in literature review. The approach of how the balanced scorecard and project management methodologies will be integrated is shown in methodology section. Literature Review Project and Project Management Project A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service with a definite start time and end (PMBOK @ 2004). This uniqueness is a consequence of the difference in some way from the â€Å"normal† product delivered by an organization. Furthermore, every project is constrained in different ways by scope, time and cost and is defined by discrete activities which are related to each other and linked together over the project lifecycle. Figure 1 shows the constraints of a typical project. Moreover, a project consumes limited resources such as human, time, money, machines, facilities, and materials and requires specific skills to manage and execute and finally produces tangible deliverables according to stakeholder’s requirements. Figure 1 – Project Constrains Source: James Norrie,  Ã‚  Derek H T Walker., â€Å"A Balanced Scorecard Approach to Project Management Leadership†,  Ã‚  Project Management Journal.   Sylva: Dec 2004.   Vol. 35,   Iss. 4,   p.  47-56  (10  pp.) Project Stakeholders The project stakeholders are the parties who have positive or negative impacts on project performance and outcomes. The major sta keholders have direct authority to change the elements of the triple constraint. The Figure 2 illustrates the major stakeholders of a typical project. The figure also shows that, an internal part of an organization can recognized as stakeholders. Figure 2 – Project Main Stakeholders Source: Adopted from: PMI, (2004), PMBOK @ 2004 Project Management Keeping projects on-time, within budget and achieving a high level of quality of scope is difficult. Problems are due to poorly conducted analysis and design, but many also suffer from poor leadership and management. Project management is the planning, execution and controlling of project activities to achieve project objectives. Objectives include time, cost and scope or managing the triple constraints. Based on PMBOK @ 2004 definition, project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs or expectations from a project.